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Histology > 3-CELL > Flashcards

3-CELL Flashcards

1
Q

are the basic structural and functional units of all multicellular organisms.

A

Cells

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2
Q

Cells can be divided into TWO MAJOR COMPARTMENTS

A

Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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3
Q

where the organelles are embedded

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

stores the DNA and nucleolus

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

TWO BASIC TYPES OF CELL

A

EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL

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6
Q

with distinct membrane-limited nuclei surrounded by cytoplasm containing various membrane-limited organelles

A

EUKARYOTIC CELL

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7
Q

Unicellular eukaryotic cells

A

Fungi

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8
Q

It has no nuclear membrane, thus, nuclear material mixes with the rest of the cytoplasm

A

PROKARYOTIC CELL

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9
Q

present in prokaryotes that are important in
determining whether bacteria are gram
positive or gram negative

A

polysaccharide peptidoglycan

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10
Q

Difference in cell division between E and P

A

E= Mitosis
P= binary fission

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11
Q

Only human cell with flagella

A

Sperm cell

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12
Q

Main difference of types of cells

SIZE

A

P= 0.2-2.0 um

E= 10-100 um

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13
Q

Main difference of types of cells

NUCLEUS

A

P= no nuclear membrane or nucleoli
E= true nucleus

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14
Q

Main difference of types of cells

MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED ORGANELLE

A

P= Absent
E= Present

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15
Q

Main difference of types of cells

FLAGELLA

A

P= Consists of two protein building blocks
E= Complex, multiple microtubules

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16
Q

Main difference of types of cells

GLYCOCALYX

A

P= Present as a capsule or slime layer

E= present in some cells that lack a cell wall

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17
Q

Main difference of types of cells
CELL WALL

A

P= usually present; complex chemical composition

E= when present is chemically simple

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18
Q

Main difference of types of cells

PLASMA MEMBRANE

A

P= No carbohydrates and generally lack sterols

E= Sterols and carbohydrates as receptors

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19
Q

Main difference of types of cells

CYTOPLASM

A

P= No cytoskeleton or cytoplasmic streaming

E= Cytoskeleton with cytoplasmic streaming

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20
Q

Main difference of types of cells
RIBOSOMES

A

P= Smaller size (70s)

E= Larger size (80s); smaller size (70s) in organelles

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21
Q

Main difference of types of cells

CHROMOSOME (DNA)

A

P= single circular chromosome no histones

E= Multiple linear chromosome with histones

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22
Q

Main difference of types of cells

SEXUAL RECOMBINATION

A

P= none: transfer DNA only

E= meiosis

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23
Q

is located outside the nucleus
It contains organelles and inclusions in an aqueous gel called the cytoplasmic matrix

A

cytoplasm

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24
Q

The cytoplasm is located outside the nucleus
It contains organelles and inclusions in an aqueous gel called the

A

cytoplasmic matrix

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25
Q

Organelles are described as:

A
  1. Membranous
  2. Non-membranous
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26
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

NUCLEUS

A

3-10 um

Largest organelle, visible nucleoli and chromatin pattern regions

Surrounded by two membranes, nuclear pore complexes , perinuclear cisternal space, euchromatin and heterochromatin obeservation

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27
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

NUCLEOLUS

A

1-2 um

Roughly circular, basophilic, interphase observation with interference microscopy

Dense, nonmembranous structure containing fibrilar and granular material

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28
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

PLASMA MEMBRANE

A

0.008-0.01

Not visible

External membrane and membranes surrounding membranous organelles , inner and outer electron dense later with intermediate electron-lucent layer

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29
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

rER

A

5-10 um^2 (area)

Basophilic- ergastoplasm

Flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes of membranes with attached ribosomes

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30
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

sER

A

Throughout cytoplasm

Not visible, cytoplasm in region of sER may exhibit distinct eosinophilia

Flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes of membranes without ribosomes

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31
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

GOLGI APPARATUS

A

5-10 um^2 (area)

Sometimes observed as negative staining region, appears as networks in heavy metal stained preparations, living cells observation with interference

Stack of flattened membrane sheets, often adjacent to one side of nucleus

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32
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

SECRETORY VESICLES

A

0.050-1.0

Only when large (zymogen in granules of pancreas)

Many small, membrane-bound, uniform diameter, polarize on one side of cell

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33
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

MITOCHONDRIA

A

0.2-7

favorable situations e.g. liver and nerve cells- miniscule dark dots; living cells stained with janus green

two membrane system, cristae; tubular cristae in steroid producing cells

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34
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

ENDOSOMES

A

0.02-0.5

Not visible

Tubulovesicular structures

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35
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

LYSOSOMES

A

0.2-0.5

special enzyme histochemical staining

membrane bound electron dense vesicles

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36
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

PEROXISOMES

A

0.2-0.5

Special enzyme histochemical staining

Membrane bound electron dense with crystalloid inclusions vesicles

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37
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

CYTOSKELETAL ELEMENTS

A

0.006-0.025

observed when organized into large structures e.g. muscle fibrils

long linear staining pattern with width and features characteristic of each filament type

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38
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

RIBOSOMES

A

0.0025

not visible

minute dark dots, often associated with the rER

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39
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

GLYCOGEN

A

0.010-0.040

purple haze - toluidine blue stained specimens

nonmembranous extremely dense grapelike inclusions

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40
Q

characteristics appearance of organelles
SIZE
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

LIPID DROPLETS

A

0.2-5 up to 80

readily visible when extremely large
e.g adipocytes; large empty holes in section

non membranous inclusions generally appear as avoid in the section

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41
Q

phospholipids form a bilayer in which the hydrophilic phosphate heads face outwards adhering the water, while the hydrophobic lipid tails aggregate inside what model

A

Amphipathic

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41
Q

is a lipid-bilayered structure visible with transmission electron microscopy.

A

plasma membrane

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42
Q

has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails (fatty acid chain) what model

A

Fluid mosaic model

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43
Q

Plasma membrane composition

A

Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Protein molecules

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44
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE of plasma membrane

A

dividing and dying cells, and during cell movement, often manifests as morphologic changes in the cell’s plasma membrane

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45
Q

Cell injury, in dividing and dying cells, and during cell movement, often manifests as morphologic changes in the cell’s plasma membrane, which results in the formation of plasma-membrane blebs aka

A

apoptotic bodies

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46
Q

is caused by the detachment of the plasma membrane from underlying actin filaments of the cell cytoskeleton.

A

Blebbing

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47
Q

act on actin filaments such as phalloidin and cytochalasin-B cause extensive membrane blebbing

A

Cytoskeletal poisons

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48
Q

are fungal metabolites that are toxic and poisonous to cytoskeleton; when an individual is exposed to these, he/she will suffer from cytoskeletal poisoning; induces apoptosis and eventually causes blebbing of cell

A

phalloidin and cytochalasin-B

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49
Q

elevated portion of plasma membrane; function for signaling which contains receptors
- described as “platforms surrounded by ocean of lipids”
- contains receptors that may function in cell recognition, metabolism, or hormone receptor binding,

A

Lipid raft

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50
Q

protein integrated in the lipid bilayer

A

integrated in the lipid bilayer

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51
Q

protein the ones attached to the surfaces; contains receptors (carbohydrates)

A

Peripheral protein

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52
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane:

A
  1. Communication
  2. Intercellular connection
  3. Physical barrier
  4. Selective permeability
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53
Q
  1. Integral proteins are incorporated directly in the lipid bilayer can be viewed under electron microscope through the process called
A

Freeze fracture

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54
Q

enables us to cut the bilayer in its middle portion revealing now the E-face and
P- face

A

Freeze fracture

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55
Q

backed by Extracellular space; External (backed by the external environment of the cell)

A

E-face

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56
Q

backed by cytoplasm/Protoplasm

A

P-face

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57
Q

is more granular as viewed under electron microscope. It is in the_______ that we see a larger amount of integral protein

A

P-face

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58
Q

6 BROAD CATEGORIES OF INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS

A
  1. Pumps
  2. Channels
  3. Receptor
  4. Linker
  5. Enzymes
  6. Structural Proteins
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59
Q

serves to transport certain ions (Na+, K+) and metabolic precursors of macromolecules actively across membranes.

A

Pump

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60
Q

allow the passage of small ions, molecules, and water across the plasma membrane in either direction

A

Channels

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61
Q

allow recognition and localized binding of ligands (molecules that bind to the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane)

A

Receptor

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62
Q

anchor the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix links a structure from the inside of a cell with a structure from the outside

A

Linker

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63
Q

catalyzing cellular reactions, and have a variety of roles in cell ATP synthase is the major protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A

Enzymes

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64
Q

Aka “junctions in the cell” or “cell-to-cell junctions” Proteins that links one cell to another cell

A

Structural Proteins

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65
Q

Serve as selective barrier regulating the passage of materials into and out of the cell and facilitating the transport of specific molecules.

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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66
Q

Has a role in keeping constant ion content off the cytoplasm

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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67
Q

Carry out a number of specific recognition and signaling functions

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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68
Q

an uncommon disorder that causes inflammation of the blood vessels in your nose, sinuses, throat, lungs and kidneys, auto immune disorder that attacks collagen causing hemoptysis

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (previously known as Wegener’s granulomatosis)

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69
Q

MECHANISMS OF TRANSPORT ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

A

Passive
Active
Vesicular

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70
Q

movement of small molecules that are unassisted; not requiring expenditure of energy

A

Passive transport

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71
Q

3 MAJOR TYPES OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT:

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

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72
Q

movement of ions and small, polar molecules down their concentration gradient across selectively permeable membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

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73
Q

Facilitated diffusion movement of ions and small, polar molecules down their concentration gradient across selectively permeable membrane by a

A

transport protein.

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74
Q

is a transport protein that facilitates entry of ions into the membrane (active)

A

sodium-potassium pump

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75
Q

2 Classes of Transport Proteins

A

Carrier Proteins
Channel Proteins

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76
Q

 transfer small, water-soluble molecules
 they are highly selective, often transporting only one type of molecule
 Examples: Na/K pump or H pump (active) and glucose carriers (passive)

A

Carrier Protein

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77
Q

 also transfer small, water-soluble molecules.
 usually contain a pore domain that serves as the ion- selectivity filter
 transport can be regulated by membrane potentials, neurotransmitters or mechanical stress
 good examples are gated channels

A

Channel Proteins

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78
Q

Channel Proteins transport can be regulated by

A

membrane potentials, neurotransmitters or mechanical stress

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79
Q

Channel proteins that are regulated by membrane potentials example

A

voltage gated ions

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80
Q

Channel proteins that are regulated by neurotransmitter example

A

ligand ions regulated by acetylcholine

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81
Q

Channel proteins that are regulated by mechanical stress example

A

seen in skin and ear that responds to vibration

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82
Q

diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

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83
Q

movements of substances requiring expenditure of energy

A

ACTIVE PROCESSES

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84
Q

transport of ions or small molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient by transmembrane protein pumps.

A

Active transport

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85
Q

a process that involves configurational changes in the plasma membrane at localized sites and subsequent formation of vesicles from the membrane (ENDO) or fusion of vesicles with the membrane (EXO)

A

VESICULAR TRANSPORT

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86
Q

2 MAJOR FORMS OF VESICULAR TRANSPORT:

A

a. ENDOCYTOSIS
b. EXOCYTOSIS

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87
Q

brings molecules and other substances into the cell It is associated with the formation and budding of vesicles from the plasma
membrane.

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

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88
Q

3 Different Mechanisms of Endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis

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89
Q

The nonspecific ingestion of fluid and small
protein molecules via small vesicles
Aka “cell drinking”

A

Pinocytosis

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90
Q

Is the separation of vesicle from
plasma membrane

A

vesicle scission

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91
Q

vesicle scission are facilitated by

A

Mechanoenzymes

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92
Q

Example of mechanoenzyme

A

GTPase enzyme – dynamin

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93
Q

ingestion of large particles such as cell
debris, bacteria and other foreign materials
aka “cell eating”

A

Phagocytosis

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94
Q

in phagocytosis plasma membrane sends out______________
to engulf phagocytosed particles into large
vesicles called phagosomes

A

pseudopodia

95
Q

Phagocytosis is an __________ dependent endocytosis

A

Actin

96
Q

Phagocytosis requires depolymerization and
repolymerization of the actin filaments
for

A

pseudopodal extension

97
Q

Endocytosis that allows entry of specific molecules into the cell

A

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

98
Q

accumulate in well defined
regions of the cell membrane

A

Cargo receptors

99
Q

In receptor mediated processes, clathrin interacts with the cargo receptor
via another coating-protein complex,
_________ , which is instrumental in selecting
appropriate cargo molecules for transport

A

adaptin

100
Q

is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment.

A

Chemotaxis

101
Q

are small soluble molecules that bind to receptors on leukocytes causing their stimulation, polarization, and locomotion, in part through the activation of the integrin adhesion molecules.

A

Chemoattractants

102
Q

the medical term for when blood vessels in your body widen, allowing more blood to flow through them and lowering your blood pressure

A

Vasodilation

103
Q

the passage of blood cells through the unruptured wall of a blood vessel into the surrounding tissues.

A

diapedesis

104
Q

recognize and bind specific molecules such as cargo proteins that come in contact with the plasma membrane.

A

Cargo receptors

105
Q

are recognized by adaptin that helps select and gather appropriate complexes for transport into cells.

A

Cargo receptor–molecule complexes

106
Q

Clathrin molecules then bind to the adaptin–
cargo receptor–molecule complex to assemble into a shallow basketlike cage and form a

A

coated pit.

107
Q

Clathrin interactions then assist the plasma
membrane to change shape to form the coated pit that becomes pinched off from the plasma membrane dynamin as a

A

coated vesicle.

108
Q

a GTPase that will pinch off the
vesicle from the plasma membrane

A

Dynamin

109
Q

After budding and internalization of the vesicle, the coat proteins

A

Removed

110
Q

the process by which a vesicle moves from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane, where it discharges its contents to the extracellular space

synthesize molecules and other molecules leave the cell

A

EXOCYTOSIS

111
Q

2 General Pathways Concerning Exocytosis

A

Constitutive Pathway
Regulated Secretory Pathway

112
Q

substances designated for export are continuously delivered in transport vesicles to the plasma membrane (similar to pinocytosis)

A

Constitutive Pathway

113
Q

TEM reveals that cells that do constitutive pathway lack

A

secretory granules

114
Q

Constitutive pathway is seen in secretion of

A

immunoglobulins by plasma cells and of procollagen by fibroblasts

115
Q

a regulatory event (hormonal or neural stimulus) must be activated for secretion to occur

A

Regulated Secretory Pathway

116
Q

Regulated Secretory Pathway seen in specialized cells, such as

A

endocrine and exocrine cells and neurons

117
Q

Newly synthesized proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum are delivered in_________ to the Golgi apparatus.

A

COP-II– coated vesicles

118
Q

After additional modification in the
Golgi apparatus, sorting, and packaging, the final secretory product is transported to the plasma membrane in vesicles that form from the

A

the trans-Golgi network (TGN).

119
Q

Membrane bound organelles

A

Endosomes, Lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes,

120
Q

just like lysosome, but do not contain hydrolytic enzyme

vacuoles that surround the materials that were internalized during endocytosis

A

ENDOSOMES

121
Q

are membrane enclosed compartments associated with all the endocytic pathways

A

Early Endosomes

122
Q

Early Endosomes Cellular localization:

A

found in the more peripheral cytoplasm

123
Q

Early Endosomes Morphology:

A

have a tubulovesicular structure

124
Q

Early Endosomes State of acidification:

A

exhibits only a slightly acidic environment (pH 6.2 to 6.5) than the cytoplasm of the cell

125
Q

Early Endosomes Function:

A

to sort and recycle protein internalized
by endocytic pathways

126
Q

the ________ the endosomes in the cell, the _________ they are

A

DEEPER: MORE ACIDIC

127
Q

are vesicles originating in early endosomes travelling to deeper structures in the cytoplasm
Typically mature into lysosomes

A

Late Endosomes

128
Q

Late Endosomes Cellular localization

A

central or deeper portion of the cell; positioned near the Golgi
apparatus and the nucleus

129
Q

Late Endosomes Morphology:

A

have a more complex structure and often exhibit onion-like internal membranes

130
Q

Late Endosomes State of acidification:

A

more acidic, averaging pH 5.5

131
Q

endocytosed proteins are transported
via

A

multivesicular bodies (MVB)

132
Q

TWO DIFFERENT MODELS that explain
the origin and formation of the endosomal
compartments in the cell:

A

Stable Compartment Model
Maturation Model

133
Q

describes early and late endosomes as stable cellular organelles

Early endosomes, late endosomes, and
lysosomes are separate organelles

A

Stable Compartment Model

134
Q

early endosomes are formed then matures to late endosomes and then to lysosomes.

A

Maturation Model

135
Q

Lysosome biogenesis, two types

A

CONSTITUTIVE SECRETORY PATHWAY

ENDOSOMAL GOLGI-DERIVED COATED VESICLE SECRETORY PATHWAY

136
Q

Shows the maturation model of lysosomal formations

A continuous process

A

CONSTITUTIVE SECRETORY PATHWAY

137
Q

Shows the stable compartment model because lysosomal proteins are both delivered separately in early and late endosomes

A

ENDOSOMAL GOLGI-DERIVED COATED VESICLE SECRETORY PATHWAY

138
Q

Lysosomes are Membrane-limited vesicles that contain about

A

40 hydrolytic enzymes.

139
Q

Lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in the rER and sorted in the Golgi apparatus based on their binding ability to

A

M-6-P receptors.

140
Q

Most common enzymes in lysosomes are

A

hydrolases:

i proteases
ii nucleases
iii phosphatases
iv phospholipases
v sulfatases
vi β-glucuronidase

141
Q

Lysosomal membrane has unusual phospholipid structure that contains cholesterol and a unique lipid called

A

lysobisphosphatidic acid

142
Q

Lysosome Membrane proteins:

A

a. lysosome-associated membrane proteins
(lamps)
b. lysosomal membrane glycoproteins (lgps)
c. lysosomal integral membrane proteins (limps)

143
Q

an agent used in the treatment and
prevention of malaria, is a lysosomotropic agent that accumulates in the lysosomes

A

Chloroquine

144
Q

PATHWAYS OF MATERIAL DELIVERY FOR
INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION IN LYSOSOMES

A

Extracellular large particles
Extracellular small particles
Intracellular particles

145
Q

Extracellular large particles such as bacteria, cell debris, and other foreign materials are engulfed in the process of

A

phagocytosis

146
Q

Extracellular small particles such as extracellular proteins, plasma-membrane proteins, and ligand– receptor complexes are internalized by

A

pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis

147
Q

Intracellular particles such as entire organelles, cytoplasmic proteins, and other cellular components are isolated from the cytoplasmic matrix by endoplasmic reticulum membranes, transported to lysosomes, and degraded by

A

autophagy

148
Q

is a process in which the cell uses lysosomes to dispose of excess or nonfunctioning organelles or membranes. Membrane that appears to emerge from the SER encloses the organelles to be destroyed, forming an autophagosome that then fuses with a lysosome for digestion of the contents.

A

Autophagy

149
Q

3 WELL-CHARACTERIZED PATHWAYS OF
AUTOPHAGY:

A

Macroautophagy
Microautophagy
Chaperone-mediated autophagy

150
Q

A portion of the cytoplasm or an entire
organelle is first surrounded by the isolation
membrane of endoplasmic reticulum, to
form a vacuole called an autophagosome
which matures into lysosomes.

A

Macroautophagy

151
Q

which fuses with a lysosome for digestion of the enclosed material

A

Autophagosome

152
Q

Cytoplasmic proteins are degraded in a
slow, continuous process under normal
physiologic condition.

Small cytoplasmic soluble proteins are
internalized by invagination of the
lysosomal membrane.

A

Microautophagy

153
Q

This process is activated during nutrient
deprivation and responsible for the
degradation of approximately 30% of
cytoplasmic proteins in organs such as
the liver and kidney

A

Chaperone-mediated autophagy

154
Q

Chaperone-mediated autophagy requires assistance from specific cytosolic chaperones such as

A

heat-shock chaperone protein called hsc73.

155
Q

active organelles, are generally somewhat larger and have more heterogenous appearance in the TEM because of the wide variety of materials they may be digesting

A

Heterolysosomes

156
Q

a debris-filled vacuole resulting
from hydrolytic breakdown of the contents of
lysosomes

A

Residual body

157
Q

Residual body can accumulate as

A

lipofuscin

158
Q

is used by cells to destroy abnormal proteins that are misfolded, denatured, or contain abnormal amino acids.

A

Proteasome-mediated degradation

159
Q

Proteasome-mediated degradation also degrades normal short-lived regulatory
proteins that need to be rapidly inactivated and degraded such as

A

mitotic cyclins that regulate cell cycle
progression, transcriptional factors, tumor
suppressors, or tumor promoters

160
Q

PROTEASOME COMPLEX
aka

A

26s Proteasome complex

161
Q

26s Proteasome complex has the following components

A

a. 19s regulatory protein
b. 20s core protein
c. 19s regulatory protein

162
Q

This degradation pathway involves tagging proteins destined for destruction by a polyubiquitin chain and its subsequent degradation in proteasome complex with the release of free reusable ubiquitin molecules.

A

Proteasome-mediated degradation.

163
Q

Ubiquitin in the presence of ATP is activated by a complex of three ubiquitin-activating enzymes _________________ to form a single polyubiquitin chain that serves as the degradation signal for the 26S proteasome complex.

A

E1, E2, and E3

164
Q

Loss of proteasome function because of
mutations in the system of ubiquitin activating enzymes that leads to a decrease in protein degradation and their subsequent
accumulation in the cell cytoplasm

example of diseases

A

Angelman syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease

165
Q

is a genetic disorder. It causes delayed development, problems with speech and balance, intellectual disability, and, sometimes, seizures. People with _________ often smile and laugh frequently, and have happy, excitable personalities

A

Angelman syndrome

166
Q

Angelman syndrome is a severe neurological disorder characterized by mental retardation, absent speech, ataxia, seizures, and hyperactivity. The gene affected in this disorder is

A

UBE3A, the gene encoding the E6-associated protein (E6AP) ubiquitin-protein ligase.

167
Q

is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells

A

Alzheimer’s disease

168
Q

One of the proteins involved in Alzheimer’s is called_________ , deposits of which form plaques around brain cells. The other protein is called________ , deposits of which form tangles within brain cells.

A

amyloid

tau

169
Q

Accelerated degradation of proteins by
overexpressed proteins involved in system examples are infections with

A

human papilloma virus

170
Q

Discovery of specific proteasome inhibitors holds promise for treatment of

A

cancers and certain viral infections

171
Q

 convoluted membranous network
 Extends from the surface of the nucleus to the cell
membrane
 Encloses a series of intercommunicating channels and sac, called cisternae

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

172
Q

 prominent in cells specialized for protein
synthesis
 consists of saclike and parallel stacks of flattened
cisternae
 has attached polyribosomes
 basophilic due to attached ribosomes

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

173
Q

The _________ in secretory cells is the light
microscopic image of the organelle called the
rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER).

A

ergastoplasm

174
Q

Protein synthesis the two processes

A

Transcription
Translation

175
Q

production of proteins by the cell begins
within the nucleus in which the genetic code
for a protein is transcribed from DNA to pre mRNA then to mRNA after post transcriptional modifications

A

Transcription

176
Q

in which the coded message contained in
the mRNA is read by ribosomal complexes to
form a polypeptide. — Polyribosome
complex (polysome) are formed by binding
of single cytoplasmic mRNA to many
ribosomes

A

Translation

177
Q

Proteins synthesized in the RER can have several destinations

A

a. Intercellular storage
b. Provisional storage in cytoplasmic vesicles prior to exocytosis
c. Integral membrane proteins

178
Q

1- antitrypsin deficiency can lead to?

A

emphysema (COPD) and impaired liver function.

179
Q

protects the lungs from
neutrophil elastase

A

alpha 1-antitripsin

180
Q

necessary to digest cells or
bacteria in the lungs to promote healing

A

neutrophil elastase

181
Q

Site of protein synthesis which will be transmitted to Golgi complex for packaging and secretion out of the cell

A

RIBOSOME

182
Q

Inhibits protein synthesis by attacking ribosomes

A

Antibiotics

183
Q

Ribosomes in cytosol has

A

four segments of rRNA and
approximately 80 different proteins

184
Q

Polyribosomes are intensely basophilic due to

A

the phosphate groups that act as polyanions.

185
Q

Several types of antibiotics inhibit protein
synthesis by binding to different portions of bacterial ribosomes
— Examples:

A

aminoglycosides (streptomycin)
macrolides (erythromycin)
lincosamides (clindamycin
tetracyclines
chloramphenicol

186
Q

 lack bound polyribosomes
 continuous with RER
 cisternae are often more tubular and appear as interconnected channels

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

187
Q

Macrophages of the liver

A

Kupffer cells

monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMϕs).

188
Q

Macrophages of the lungs

A

Alveolar macrophages

interstitial macrophages (IM) act as gatekeepers of the vasculature and lung interstitium

189
Q

Macrophages of the skin

A

langerhans

190
Q

Macrophages of the nervous

A

microglia

191
Q

Macrophages of the kidney

A

mesangial cells

192
Q

Macrophages of the connective tissues

A

histiocytes

193
Q

Macrophages of the bones

A

osteoblasts

194
Q

Macrophages of the spleen

A

littoral cells

195
Q
  1. Glycogen and lipid metabolism
  2. Detoxification reactions of potentially harmful
    exogenous molecules
  3. Temporary Ca2+ sequestration
  4. Phospholipids and steroids synthesis
A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

196
Q

Can be caused by the failure of sER to convert bilirubin to bile

A

Jaundice

197
Q

GOLGI APPARATUS is named after

A

Camilo Golgi

198
Q

generally, it is located near the ER and is the principal “traffic director” for cellular proteins.

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

199
Q

small membrane-enclosed carriers where material from RER move to the Golgi
apparatus

A

Transport vesicles

200
Q

Transport vesicle merge with golgi-receiving region, which is known as the

A

cis face

201
Q

Shipping or______ , larger saccules or vacoules carry completed protein products to organelles away from the golgi

A

trans face

202
Q

Proteins and lipids undergo a series of posttranslational modifications that involve
remodeling of _____________ previously added in the rER as they travel through the Golgi stacks.

A

N-linked oligosaccharides

203
Q

means thread

A

mitos

204
Q

usually depicted as lozenge-like or sausage-like organelles. It is a membrane-enclosed organelle, each with the general structure of the plasma membrane, and with arrays of enzymes specialized for cellular respiration (burning glucose) and production of cellular energy (ATP)

A

MITOCHONDRIA

205
Q

Mitochondria possess two membranes that delineate distinct compartments.

A
  1. Inner mitochondrial membrane surrounds a space called the matrix
  2. Outer mitochondrial membrane is in close
    contact with the cytoplasm
206
Q

a series of infoldings in the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Cristae

207
Q

are spherical organelles enclosed by a single
membrane and named for their enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide, H2O2

A

PEROXISOMES

208
Q

Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes

A

Oxidases
Catalase

209
Q

removes hydrogen atoms that are
transferred to molecular O2 producing H2O2

A

Oxidases

210
Q

Peroxisomes forms in two ways:

A

 budding of the precursor vesicles from the ER or
 Growth and division of preexisting peroxisomes

210
Q

breakdowns H2O2, which is potentially
damaging to the cell

A

Catalase

211
Q

Found in cells that store product until its release by exocytosis is signaled by metabolic, hormonal, or neural message

A

SECRETORY GRANULES

212
Q

with dense content of
digestive enzymes

A

Zymogens granules

213
Q

A structure that confer cell rigidity to help maintain cell shape

A

MICROTUBULES

214
Q

MICROTUBULES, fine tubular structures also organized into large arrays called ________ in the cilia and flagella

A

axonemes

215
Q

MICROTUBULES are polymeric structures composed of equal parts of

A

alphatubulin and beta- tubulin

216
Q

CYTOSKELETON is composed of

A

MICROTUBULES
MICROFILAMENTS
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

217
Q

Functions of microtubules

A

 Intracellular vesicular transport
 Movement of cilia and flagella
 Attachment of chromosome to the mitotic
spindle
 Cell elongation and movement
 Maintenance of cell shape

218
Q

 composed of actin
 allow cellular motility and most contractile activity in cells

A

MICROFILAMENTS

219
Q

MICROFILAMENTS function

A

 Anchorage and movement of membrane protein
 Formation of the structural core of microvilli
 Locomotion of cells
 Extension of cell processes (e.g., pseudopodia during phagocytosis)

220
Q

 rope-like filaments, intermediate in size between
microtubules and microfilament
 Diameter: averaging 10 nm

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

221
Q

Six major classes of intermediate filaments

A
  1. Keratin
  2. Vimentin
  3. Neurofilament
  4. Lamins
  5. Desmin
  6. Glial filaments
222
Q

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
present only in epithelial cells

A

Keratin

223
Q

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
found in most cells derived from
mesenchyme

A

Vimentin

224
Q

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
present in cell body and processes of
neurons

A

Neurofilament

225
Q

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
form the nuclear lamina inside the nuclear
envelope

A

Lamins

226
Q

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
found in almost all muscle cells

A

Desmin

227
Q

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proeteins (GFAP),
present in glial cells

A

Glial filaments

228
Q

have little or no metabolic activity, but contain accumulated metabolites or other substances not enclosed by membrane

o Fat droplets
o Glycogen granules
o Lipofuscin
o Hemosiderin

A

CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS

229
Q

CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS include

A

Centrosome
Centrioles
Flagella
Cilia

230
Q

centrosphere or cell center
 specialized zone of the cytoplasm containing the
centrioles
 center of activity associated with cell division
 called diplosome in nondividing cells
 EM: hollow cylinder closed at one end and open at the other

A

Centrosome

231
Q

self-duplicating organelles that exhibit
continuity from one cell generation to another
 Double in number immediately before cell division
 Prominent in mitosis
 Essential for the formation of cilia and flagella
 Serve as basal bodies and sites of epithelial cilia

A

Centrioles

232
Q

long, semi-rigid, helical, hollow tubular structures mostly composed of protein, flagellin

Show undulating wave (moving smoothly up and down) type of movement

A

Flagella

233
Q

 Hair-like processes
 Very numerous in:
– Epithelial cells of upper RT
– Parts of female and reproductive tracts
– Ependymal lining the cavities of the CNS

A

Cilia

Histology (15 decks)

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