(8) Basic Blood

Question 1

Blood is a _______ connective tissue

Answer 1

fluid

Question 2

Blood consists of three “formed element” components:

Answer 2

• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
• Leukocytes (white blood cells)
• Thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 3

Function of blood?

Answer 3

• Delivery of nutrients/oxygen
• Transport of wastes and CO2
• Delivery of hormones
• Maintenance of homeostasis

Question 4

What is hematocrit?

Answer 4

Packed RBCs

Question 5

What is the buffy coat? What percentage of blood volume?

Answer 5

Leukocytes and platelets

1%

Question 6

Blood plasma?

Answer 6

• LIQUID
• Solvent for solutes
• Interstitial fluid: fluid surrounding tissue cells, derived from blood plasma

Question 7

What are the components of blood plasma?

Answer 7

Water >90%
Protein 8%
Other solutes 1-2%

Question 8

What are the common plasma proteins?

Answer 8

• Albumin
• Globulins
• Fibrinogen

Question 9

What is serum?

Answer 9

Blood plasma without clotting factors

Question 10

What is albumin:

Answer 10

Plasma protein

• THE MAIN ONE; 50% of plasma protein concentration
• *Colloid osmotic pressure (impt. kidney fxn)
• Carrier protein; thyroxine, bilirubin, barbiturates

Question 11

What are globulins?

Answer 11

• Immunoglobulins (gamma globulin) : Immune

- Non-immune globulins (alpha and beta) : osmotic pressure maintenance, carrier proteins

Question 12

What is Fibrinogen?

Answer 12

LARGEST

• Soluble; gets converted to insoluble FIBRIN
• Changes shape
• Forms impermeable net to prevent blood loss

Question 13

Erythrocytes:

Describe

Answer 13

• Anucleate cells devoid of typical organelles
• Biconcave disc, flexible
• Bind O2, for delivery to tissue and bind CO2 for removal from tissues

*Lifespan 120 days, phagocytosed in spleen, bone marrow and liver

Question 14

Erythocytes are considered a histologic _____

Answer 14

Ruler;

Always the same size!

Question 15

Reticulocytes:

Describe

Answer 15

Immature RBCs released into circulation from bone marrow;

STAINING: Still can have organelles, IDed with blueish staining, overall can be larger

*will mature in 24-48 hours

Question 16

Erythrocyte Cytoskeleton:

What are the two proteins involved?

Answer 16

• Glycoprotein C

- Band 3 protein

Question 17

Erythrocyte Cytoskeleton:

What does glycoprotein C do?

Answer 17

Attaches underlying cytoskeletal protein network to cell membrane

Question 18

Erythrocyte Cytoskeleton:

What does Band 3 protein do?

Answer 18

Binds hemoglobin and acts as an anchoring site for the cytoskeletal proteins (most abundant)

Question 19

Erythrocyte Cytoskeleton:

What are the peripheral membrane proteins?

Answer 19

• SPECTRIN proteins: Alpha-spectrin and Beta-spectrin
• Band 4.1 protein complex
• Ankyrin protein complex

Question 20

What is Anemia?

Answer 20

• Decreased Hb levels

- Most caused by reduction in RBCs

Question 21

What causes Anemia?

Answer 21

Insufficient dietary:

• Fe
• Vitamin B12
• Folic acid

Or Hereditary issues

Question 22

Sx of Anemia?

Answer 22

Weakness, fatigue, loss of energy, frequent headaches, difficulty concentrating

Question 23

What is hemolytic anemia?

Answer 23

accelerated destruction of RBCs

Question 24

What is Hereditary spherocytosis?

Answer 24

DEFECTIVE ANCHOR POINTS, spherical erythrocytes

Question 25

What is Hereditary elliptocytosis?

Answer 25

DEFECTIVE SPECTRIN, membrane fails to rebound

Question 26

What are the GRANULOCYTES?

Answer 26

• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils

Question 27

Varying amounts of blood cell types order?

Answer 27

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Question 28

What are AGRANULOCYTES?

Answer 28

• Lymphocytes

- Monocytes

Question 29

How to Neutrophils appear?

Answer 29

• Multilobed nucleus
• Lack of cytoplasmic staining
• More purple

Question 30

What do Neutrophils do?

Answer 30

Acute inflammation, tissue injury

Secrete enzymes ingest damaged tissue, kill invading microorganisms

Question 31

What are the neutrophil granules?

Answer 31

1. Azurophilic granules
2. Specific granules
3. Tertiary granules

Question 32

How do Eosinophils appear?

Answer 32

• Intensely pink staining
• About same size as neutrophils
• Nuclei are bi-lobed

Question 33

Function of Eosinophils?

Answer 33

• Mediate parasitic infections
• Participate in allergies
• Release ARYLSULFATASE and HISTAMINASE

Question 34

How do Basophils appear?

Answer 34

• DEEP Purple

- Least numerous

Question 35

What do Basophils do?

Answer 35

-Hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis

Question 36

How do lymphocytes stain?

Answer 36

Deep purple interior, lighter purple surrounding

Question 37

General function of lymphocytes?

Answer 37

Main functional cells of immune system

Question 38

Lymphocytes T&B staining?

Answer 38

INDISTINGUISHABLE

Question 39

Monocytes staining?

Answer 39

LARGEST

-Heart shaped nucleus/C shaped

Question 40

Function of monocytes?

Answer 40

• Macrophages of connective tissue, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow
• Inflammation; phagocytosis

Question 41

What are thrombocytes?

Answer 41

Smallest! (They are fragments)

• Break off of a MEGAKARYOCYTE
• Flow through blood and help control bleeding

Question 42

What is Thrombocytosis?

Answer 42

Blood clotting

Question 43

What occurs in thrombocytosis?

Answer 43

• Serotonin
• ADP and thromboxane A2
• Forms Primary hemostatic plug
• Fibrinogen –> fibrin
• Forms secondary hemostatic plug