7d

Question 1

List the major adaptations that have enabled plants to adapt successfully to life on land

Answer 1

Root or similar structures
A waxy cuticle
Pores called stomata
Xylem and phloem
Lignin
Sex cells

Question 2

List the major characteristics that distinguish plants from other groups of organisms

Answer 2

Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants which is key for photosynthesis
Multicellular embryos
The plant embryo is attached and dependent for nutrients on its parent . (consider the seed coating)
Alternation generation
embryonic growth which depends on the parents nutrients

Question 3

what is lignin

Answer 3

stiffening substance that supports plants body (pteridophytes)

Question 4

List the four major plant groups

Answer 4

non-vascular plants, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 5

Describe relative prominence of the sporophyte vs the gametophyte, transfer of reproductive cells, early embryonic development, presence of vascular tissues, and dispersal of Gymnosperm non-vascular plants

Answer 5

Due to the lack of vascular tissue they are not structural strong and do not grow tall
Mosses have the ability to dehydrate and become dormant until water is more abundant
Reproductive structures are enclosed and water dependent as the sperm must swim to the egg. Haploid cells are produced and germinate plants, the sperm is dispersed by water and undergoes fertilisation which has diploid cells.
Spore produces gametophytes

Question 6

Describe relative prominence of the sporophyte vs the gametophyte, transfer of reproductive cells, early embryonic development, presence of vascular tissues, and dispersal of Gymnosperm

Answer 6

Vascular, seed plants, Gametophyte is barely visible, sporophyte dominant
Naked seeds
Four main groups, ginkgoes, cycads, conifers and gnetophytes
The pollen is kept in the male cones in a mature sporophyte, the wind takes the pollen which are haploid. They then fertilise a female cone which then undergo mitotic division. It is then diploid. The embryo is then encased in a seed which it develops in until it drops and sprouts into a tree

Question 7

Describe relative prominence of the sporophyte vs the gametophyte, transfer of reproductive cells, early embryonic development, presence of vascular tissues, and dispersal of Gymnosperm angiosperms

Answer 7

Vascular, seed plant with flower and fruit, Gametophyte is barely visible, sporophyte dominant
Covered seeds (fruit/nutrients)
The mature sporophyte produces flowers which spread pollen by the wind (haploid). This pollen enters the stigma of another flower which it then fertilises the egg and the cell becomes diploid. In each ovule an embryo is formed and enclosed in a seed. The seed germinates and develops into a sporophyte plant.

Question 8

Describe relative prominence of the sporophyte vs the gametophyte, transfer of reproductive cells, early embryonic development, presence of vascular tissues, and dispersal of Gymnosperm ferns

Answer 8

(pteridophytes) Vascular without seeds or pollen
Dependent on water for reproduction
Sporophyte germinate (haploid) then the sperm swims to reach the egg then fertilisation occurs (diploid).
Sporophyte generation is dominant

Question 9

List the three adaptations that have enabled flowering plants to become the planet’s predominant plant form

Answer 9

Flowers (attract pollinators)
Fruits (fosters seed dispersal by animals)
Broad leaves (efficient sunlight catching)

Question 10

List the vital roles that plants play in ecosystems

Answer 10

Harvesting energy
Gas exchanges
Carbon sequential
Build soil (organic matter)
Hold soil together (prevent erosion)
Retain moisture (prevent runoff)

Question 11

List the vital roles that plants play in human activities

Answer 11

Provide shelter, fuel, medicines and aesthetic value (for human)

Question 12

Define Totipotency

Answer 12

ability to dissociate, change from parenchyma into an embryonic state into a growth tissue.

Question 13

Define Vivipary

Answer 13

(embryonic growth while the seed it still attached to the parent plant)

Question 14

How do we know that Plants evolved from green algae

Answer 14

The organism was covered in nutrient rich solution
It was supported by buoyancy and not likely to dry out
Life in water facilitates reproduction
Gametes and zygotes were carried by water currents or propelled by flagella

Question 15

Translate:
Big Plants Get Awards

Answer 15

Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

Question 16

Example of Bryophyta

Answer 16

Moss, Liverworts

Question 17

Example of Pteridophyta

Answer 17

Ferns

Question 18

Example of Gymnosperms

Answer 18

Pincone

Question 19

Example of Angiosperms

Answer 19

Flowering plants, Pumpkins, danidlions, roses, corn