7b

Question 1

diffrence between Bacteria and Archaea

Answer 1

Bacteria - cell wall (peptidoglycan) endospores
Archaea - cell wall (pseudomurein no endospores
Basics structural differentiate as well

Question 2

Describe the sizes of prokaryotes

Answer 2

0.03um - 2um

Question 3

describe bacteria shapes

Answer 3

cocci (circles)
Baclli (ovalls)
spirilli (spiral)

Question 4

Describe bacteria arrangment

Answer 4

coccus (single)
diploccoi (paired)
streptococci (alinged)
tetrad (square groups)
Sarcina (square groups double layered)
Staphylococci (triangular groups)

Question 5

list the specialisations that have allowed prokaryotes to thrive in a diversity of habitats

Answer 5

flagella ,
biofilms,
endospores,
extreme environment conditions,
diverses metabolism,
photosynthesis,
rapid reproduction,
exchange of genetic material (conjugation)

Question 6

define biofilms

Answer 6

polymer matrix to aid surface stickiness
Sticky slime which allow them to stick to surfaces and protects them from an attack

Question 7

define endospores

Answer 7

protective enclosure that can survive hundred of years to protect gentic material

Question 8

what bacteria can use photosynthesis

Answer 8

cyanobacteria possess chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis

Question 9

list a beneficial digestive endosymbionts service preformed by prokaryotes

Answer 9

helps digest cellulose

Question 10

what does rhizobium do

Answer 10

Nitrogen fixation converts NH4 into amino acids for plants in exchange for food (symbiotic)

Question 11

How do bacteria aid in decomposition

Answer 11

Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria reduce accumulation of biological wastes and dead organisms. Nitrifying bacteria release nutrients tied up in dead plant and animal tissue

Question 12

how do prokaryote aid in Bioremediation

Answer 12

degrades contaminants that pose risks, they can eat almost any organic compound

Question 13

benefit and detriments of prokaryotes on human activities

Answer 13

Benefit - skin microflora, agricultural, food production, medicine, gut microbiome
Detriment - meningitis, STI, ulcers, tetanus, TB, acne, botulism, diphtheria, legionnaire disease

Question 14

Define virus and provide examples

Answer 14

protein cell (capsid), often surrounded by an envelope of the host membrane eg: Hendra Virus (HeV) Structure, icosahedral head, tail, baseplate and long fibre tails hold DNA and NRA).

Question 15

define bacteriophage

Answer 15

Components are DNA, Head, Tail, Fibres (often), Infect bacteria

Question 16

define viroid and provide an example

Answer 16

circular RNA molecule,enters the host cell, and forces synthesis of new viroids (Potato spindle tuber viroids)

Question 17

define Prion and an example

Answer 17

consists of an infectious misfolded protein, it causes other proteins to fold in a similar way (eg. mad cow disease).

Question 18

how are piron able to replicate

Answer 18

Viral replication is done by endocytosis as the cell envelopes the genome of the host cell and disassembles the cells and reassembles it for replication.

Question 19

list some viruses that cause human disease

Answer 19

Common cold - rhinovirus (droplets, contact)
Flu - influenza virus (droplets, contact)
AIDS - HIV (sexual intercourse)
Encephalitis - MVE flavivirus (tick/mozzies)
Glandular fever / mono - Epstein-Barr (kissing)
Cervical cancer - papillomavirus (sexual contact)