7B - Leo XIII, Liberalism & Pius X Flashcards
Aeterni patris
response to the many political and social revolutions around the world
-stated standard by catholic philosophy should be measured by St Thomas Acquinas
- Leo XIII further endorsed the development of Neo-Thomism Scholasticism and a revival of studying Aquinas in seminaries and Catholic universities.
- leo insisted that faithful Italian Catholics should not vote in Italian elections or hold elected office in the Italian government
Americans equated traditional European Christians (such as Catholics & even Anglicans) as corrupted, evil slaves to royal power. Anti-Catholic sentiments in America reached a peak in the 19th century when the Protestant population became alarmed by the number of Catholics immigrating to America. Anti-immigration tensions arose between ‘native’ citizens and foreign immigrants, and the resulting “________” movement, which achieved prominence in the 1840s, was whipped into a frenzy of anti-Catholicism that led to mob violence, the burning of Catholic property, and the killing of Catholics.
nativist
Nativist policies
ought to defend the interests of “native-born” American citizens (not including the Indigenous/Aboriginal peoples of the United States) against those of immigrants, what is termed today as undocumented immigrants. Nativism is fueled by various influences, commonly in response to economic concerns, perceived threats to national security, and religious or racial biases. Generally, when a country’s economy is in decline, with high unemployment, or if a nation is in the midst of military conflict,
immigrants are singled out for blame. Nativists create stereotypes of different immigrant populations and immigrants become a perceived threat to the public. Citizens may then target certain ethnic groups.
n 1885, Leo published another encyclical, Immortale Dei ( on the constitution of Christian states”.)
on the constitution of Christian states”. Within this encyclical, Leo lectures on the proper structure of governments by stating that patriotism means a love of one’s state, and to be a good citizen one must have duties and obey a lawful state government. However, a state government, in turn, should not be indifferent to religion or separate itself from the Church for secularism/atheism.
—e does state that, provided it is in accord with the laws of nature and God, the exact form of civil government is not entirely important. Thus democracy is tolerable, but rulers must accept that God is the ultimate authority and make Him their example of how to rule.
In 1895, Leo continues by publishing, Longinqua Oceani, “Wide Expanse of the Ocean”.
lthough he believes America would be better off with a Catholic monarchy, he does state that America is to be commended for it has clear laws and regulations that protect minority rights: in this case,
Catholic rights.
–
A few years later, in 1899, he wrote a letter titled Testem benevolentiae nostrae (“Witness to Our Benevolence”)
This letter condemned the idea of Americanism: views that tended to endorse the separation of Church and State and encourage individualistic thinking.
magisterium
he teaching authority of the bishops
magisterium
The teaching authority of the bishops
n 1891 he published Rerum Novarum (“On Capital and Labour”),
he first in long line of papal encyclicals addressing social justice. The document surprised people around the world and drew
harsh criticism from Capitalists and Socialists as Leo affirms that people have basic rights such as food, shelter, clothing, and a fair wage. This was shocking at the time for labourers had no such rights, no access to unions, no job security or ensured safety – these were the conditions of the Industrial Revolution. Leo states that a fair wage is not just what employers give, but one that is “sufficient to enable a worker comfortably to support himself, his wife, and his children”
1903, 93-year-old Leo XIII died, the longest lived pope in history.
Following the death of Leo XIII, Cardinal Giuseppe Sarto was elected as the next Pope, Pius X.
ust like Leo, and Pius IX before him, Pius X would refuse to come out of the Vatican –
Fr. George Tyrell
a convert to Catholicism from Anglicanism, joining the Jesuit Order of priests at age eighteen.
—says the Bishop of Rome should instead be a “spokesman for the mind of the Holy Spirit in the Church” which is represented in the laity
—also rejected the development of Neo-Thomism that Pope Leo XIII endorsed and argued that the Church’s response to the religious problems of the modern age should not be to restate the ideas of Christian truths that were used in the 13th century – As far as Tyrell was concerned, “If Thomas Aquinas had been able to read Galileo, Newton, and Darwin, he would change almost everything he had written.”
what happened to tyrell
Tyrell was dismissed from his priestly order in 1907 and came under attack by Pius X who saw such opinions as heretical and undermining authority. In 1908 Tyrrell was excommunicated from the Church for his beliefs and died a year later in England without a Catholic burial
In 1907, Pius X published Lamentabili Sane Exitu (“with truly lamentable results”),
he condemns 65 propositions summarizing the errors of modernism which were branded as “heretical, false, rash, bold, and offensive”.
The encyclical Pascendi went on to offer specific prescriptions for how to deal with the modernists. The remedies proposed included:
“… to prevent writings of Modernists, or whatever savors of Modernism or promotes it, from being read when they have been published, and to hinder their publication when they have not. No books or papers or periodicals whatever of this kind are to be permitted to seminarians or university students.”
“that in every diocese a… ‘Council of Vigilance’ be instituted without delay…. They shall be bound to secrecy as to their deliberations and decisions, and in their functions shall be included the following: they shall watch most carefully for every trace and sign of Modernism both in publications and in teaching, and to preserve the clergy and the young from it they shall take all prudent, prompt, and efficacious measures” (#55).
By 1910 Pius X instituted the “Oath against Modernism” required of all clergy
all persons joining Holy Orders had to swear that they would not engage in modernist policies.
