3C - Holy War and its consequences: Crusades and Schism

Question 1

pilgrimage,

Answer 1

Cluniacs or taking a spiritual journey to a holy site.

Question 2

The ____hoped to reform society by encouraging lay people to live more like monks

Answer 2

Cluniacs

Question 3

The Cluniacs hoped to reform society by encouraging lay people to live more like monks and to take_____to redeem sins and transgressions.

Answer 3

penitential pilgrimages

Question 4

There were many similarities between monastic orders and pilgrimages. :

Answer 4

Pilgrims were required to take a vow prior to departure
–, to forgo any comforts of wealth or class,

– to dress in a specific way so as to be recognizable as a pilgrim,

–to be celibate, to abstain from violence and to not carry arms.

Question 5

Some of the most heavily visited pilgrimage sites in Europe were in Rome, Santiago de Compostela in Northern Spain and Canterbury in the South of England.
(just read)

Question 6

ajor roads and infrastructure were established to facilitate travel to these sites and settlements along the way benefitted economically from the influx of travelers. The entire process, from relics and pilgrimages to travel-roads and places to stay along the routes were part of a kind of

Answer 6

economics of spirituality

Question 7

Of course, _______was the most prominent pilgrimage destination as it was the place where Jesus was born, lived, died and was resurrected. People would spend weeks, months, or years travelling to places in and around Jerusalem and the stream of visitors meant a need for provisions and protection.

Answer 7

the Holy Land

Question 8

Christianity was not in control of much of the Holy Land during the height of the pilgrim trade. These territories had been conquered by ______- beginning in the 8th century.

Answer 8

various Muslim armies

Question 9

For Christians, pilgrimage to the holy sites under Muslim rule continued fairly safely until 1073 when ______-conquered Palestine.

Answer 9

Turkish Muslims – This branch of Islam was not as tolerant as the Arab Muslims and persecuted Christian pilgrims entering their lands.

Question 10

By 1095, ______ had decided to do something about this persecution (pilgrims to holy land by muslims).

Answer 10

Pope Urban II

Question 11

what did pope urban ii do about the persecution of Christians in the holy land - - what was an additional motive in his decision

Answer 11

He provoked the crowd with tales of the injustices faced by Christians and roused them to undertake a great pilgrimage to the Holy Land to return the area to Christian rule.

–Pope Urban II was also appealing directly to the aristocracy of Europe as a way of redirecting the violence that this class of nobles perpetuated through feuds, which arose in the absence of an outside military threat. These knightly feuds were not mentioned in any of the contemporary songs and legends boasting of glorious military feats but were a constant disruption to life in the Christian European kingdoms

Question 12

In the 10th century, the Catholic Church had developed a concept called the Peace of God as an enforced truce

Answer 12

prohibited fighting during certain times of the year
and against certain people, like the poor or women. Clearly there was an opportunity to refocus feudal society on a new external enemy, the Turkish Muslims.

Question 13

Pope Urban II’s speech introduced the concept of a _____ to the Holy Land,

Answer 13

Crusade

Question 14

hose who went on the journey (crusade) typically wore a cloth cross - the Latin word is crux - on their clothes, which gave rise to the term _______-

Answer 14

Crusader

Question 15

The first Crusade was a success –

Answer 15

it managed to take back control of Jerusalem and some surrounding area from the Turks (for approximately a century)

Question 16

The first Crusade was a success in that it managed to take back control of Jerusalem and some surrounding area from the Turks (for approximately a century). Many stayed to live in the region and protect its Christian sites. Some Christian orders with a common purpose to protect the Holy Land came into existence during this time; for example, the_______

Answer 16

Knights Templar.

Question 17

Knights Templar.

Answer 17

offered to dedicate their lives to preserving the Christian city of Jerusalem and settled on the former site of Solomon’s Temple - hence the word Templar.

Question 18

For instance, a mob of Crusader knights took it upon themselves to force conversion or persecution upon the Jewish peoples of the Holy Land. Crusaders often showed no mercy to Muslims or Jews during their invasions and simply slaughtered the populations in order to spiritually cleanse an area. It is important to note that there was not just one Crusade; the process of European knights going to the Holy Land to conquer in the name of God happened several times between 1096-1291

Answer 18

just read

Question 19

the ‘Peasant’s Crusade

Answer 19

demonstrates how a mob mentality can corrupt idealistic intentions. This gathering of thousands of low-ranking nobles, peasants and fighters barely made its way out of Germany, attacking Jewish communities on the way, and were slaughtered by the Turkish army soon after passing by Constantinople. It is less certain exactly how many distinct Crusades occurred as many armies made their way to the Holy Land independently.

Question 20

The relationship between the Christians in the East and West became more and more ______ because of the Crusades

Answer 20

strained

Question 21

The Popes in the West intended for the Crusaders to liberate the Holy Land and the other foundations of the Church in the East from Muslim domination. However, the Crusaders often had their own agendas,including the looting and pillaging of Byzantine cities along the way.

Answer 21

just read

Question 22

the Great Schism

Answer 22

the formal breaking of Christianity into two groups: Roman Catholic Christians in the West, and Eastern Orthodox Christians in the East. This separation occurred because of many political, cultural, theological and linguistic differences by 1054.

Question 23

Language and the great schism

Answer 23

n the ancient Roman Empire, it was quite common for people across the empire to speak Latin and Greek. However, after the Empire collapsed in the West, Latin became the dominant form of communication for Church business in the West but not in the East. As the years went by, fewer and fewer theologians could read both languages – this was an indication of how society was changing. As languages became isolated, debates regarding the interpretation of important theological words broke down.

• **Without a common language to interpret such words, clergy in the West and clergy in the East often clashed with each other as to its exact meaning.
• **

Question 24

filioque

Answer 24

meaning ‘and from the Son’) had to do with the nature of the Jesus and the Holy Spirit in relation to God in the Trinity. Without a common language to interpret such words, clergy in the West and clergy in the East often clashed with each other as to its exact meaning.

Question 25

celibacy and the great schism

Answer 25

n the West the rule of celibacy was adopted as a moral standard for all clergy. However, this rule was not universally accepted in the East and many of their clergy chose a married life.

Question 26

eucharist and the great schism

Answer 26

Theologians in the West determined that during a Mass people should use unleavened bread as the body of Christ during the Eucharist – In the East, the theologians chose the opposite: leavened bread.

Question 27

Perhaps most important reason was a general disagreement regarding the authority between Church and state.(the great schism)

Answer 27

For example, with the feudal system in the West, the Church crowned kings, made or deposed monarchs and stood apart from secular power as representatives of God’s power. However, in the East, the Byzantine Emperor remained; it was he (or his delegated representative) who ruled not only in secular matters, but also in Church affairs. In the West, bishops invested other bishops and clergy – in the East, the Emperor made the decision as to who would be a bishop.

Question 28

Relations finally broke down in the year 1053 when ….

Answer 28

–This great division would last for the next 900 years, not being repaired until the 20th century. In the meantime, the two parts of Christianity grew apart in architecture, music, art, and styles of practice. Although there were some attempts to reconcile with each other, the two sides ultimately came into military conflict.

Question 29

Pascha

Answer 29

new life.

Question 30

Once in the East, the Crusaders moved on to Constantinople and sacked the city. The Crusade was an abject failure; Christians had fought Christians, and the Crusaders did not actually reach the Holy Land, nor retake a single Muslim-occupied city. One of the lasting effects of this Crusade was that it promoted a culture of distrust in the East. Constantinople, the great capital of the East, would never quite recover from the Fourth Crusade and it fell to the Turkish army in 1453.

Answer 30

read bitch