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Nutritional physiology > 7.a Carbohydrate metabolism 1: glycolysis > Flashcards

7.a Carbohydrate metabolism 1: glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates are composed of A, B and C only.

A

Carbohydrates: composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only

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2
Q

Carbohydrates: physiological or dietary requirement?

A

Physiological

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3
Q

What are oligosaccharides? What are dextrins?

A

Oligo = consists of multiple sugars
Dextrins = 40-50 linked together

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4
Q

What is the basic CH structure?

A

Cn(H2O)n

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5
Q

Difference glucose galactose in terms of chemical structure?

A

Hydroxylgroup (OH) at carbon 4 is upward facing with galactose instead of downward with glucose.

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6
Q

Difference fructose with glucose?

A

Fructose: double bonded O is at C2. Ring is now formed differently: 5-ring instead of 6. Two carbons outside of the ring.

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7
Q

Difference RNA with glucose?

A

RNA: five-ring structure. One carbon outside of the ring. Hydroxyl group missing compared to fructose and glucose.

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8
Q

Name four disaccharides

A
  1. Sucrose (saccharose) (glucose + fructose, alfa 1,4)
  2. Trehalose (2x glucose, alfa 1-1)
  3. Lactose (glucose + galactose, beta 1-4)
  4. Maltose - isomaltosesu (2x glucose, alfa 1-4)

See p.54
Alfa = same side linkage
Beta = opposing sites linkage

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9
Q

Difference in bonding in maltose vs isomaltose?

A

Maltose: alfa 1-4
Iso: alfa 1-6

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10
Q

Moelcules link together with x and break apart with x

A

Condensation
Hydrolysis (often with enzyme)

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11
Q

x and x have a branched strucure, caused by x linkage

A

Starch, glycogen, alfa 1-6 linkage

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12
Q

What two types of starch can you distinguish? What are differences in shape?

A
  1. Amylopectin
  2. Amylose
  3. branched with isomaltose structure
  4. linear
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13
Q

Which is easier to digest of the two plant starches? Why?

A

Amylopectin. More hydrogen bonds, surface area is larger.

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14
Q

What about the GE of the starches?

A

GE is basically same between amylopectin + amylose.

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15
Q

What is the GI-index? (glycaemic index)

A

How fast does sugar intake lead to rise in insulin. How fast is glucose released.

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16
Q

Which has a lower GI index of the starches?

A

Starch amylose = low GI (more difficult to digest)
Starch amylopectin = high GI (less difficult to digest)

17
Q

What happens when you give mice HGI diet vs LGI?

A

More leptin (more adipose tissue, more leptin), more insulin resistance, higher insulin in high GI group. Glucose level is maintained.

18
Q

Name four non-starch polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose: very prevalent in cell walls. Therefore not able to digest it. We have some bacteria that are able to.
Chitin: shield of insects. Very different amino bond.
Pectin: E.g. mandarins, apples. Cannot digest it.
Inulin: fructose polymer. If you only have a few = FOS. Cannot digest, but relatively simple to ferment. SCFA.

19
Q

Hydrogen in breath = fermentation in colon, gas production. LDD = ?

A

LDD (low digestible diet): way more Hydrogen in breath.

20
Q

What is glycogenolysis?
Glycogen synthesis?

A

glycogenolysis = Glycogen -> g-6-p
Synthesis = other way around

21
Q

What is glycolysis?
And gluconeogenesis?

A

glyc = g-6-p to pyruvate
Other way around = gluconeogen.

22
Q

What is ketogenesis?

A

Ketones -> acetyl-CoA

23
Q

What is fatty acid synthesis/oxidation?

A

Oxidation = fatty acids -> acetyl-CoA
Synthesis = acetyl-CoA -> fatty acids

24
Q

Glycolysis takes place in the…

A

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. From pyruvate on it enters the mitochondria.

25
Q

When is lactate made? What is it a measure for?

A

When having a lot of pyruvate or mitochondria cannot be used properly: lactate is made. Excreted out of the body most of the time. Lactate = measure for how aerobic or anaerobic your exercise is.

26
Q

What is the initial substrate for glycolysis? Where does it come from when?

A

Initial substrate for glycolysis is glucose-6-phosphate. Can be made from glycogen or glucose.
 In the fed stage: formed by phosphorylation of glucose (an ATP-utilising reaction)
 In the fasting state: liver + muscle form glucose-6-phosphate from glycogen.

27
Q

Glycolysis very global: first step from glucose?

A
  1. the glucose (6C) needs to be charged with 2 ATP.
28
Q

Glycolysis very global: 2nd step from glucose?

A
  1. Huge drop in energy: glucose is split into two trioses (2x 3C glucose) (Glyceraldehyde-3-p)
29
Q

Glycolysis very global: last step from glucose?

A

Then, 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 ATP + 2 pyruvic acid is formed. (alles dubbel) p.59

So, 5 ATP yield from glycolysis.

-2 invest
+ 7 yield

Nutritional physiology (26 decks)

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