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Nutritional physiology > 5. Nutritional energy and role of ATP > Flashcards

5. Nutritional energy and role of ATP Flashcards

1
Q

Energy sources that blood contains?

A

Glucose
Ketone bodies
Fatty acids
Lactic acid
Amino Acids

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2
Q

Energy sources:
Brain mostly uses..
Skeletal muscle mostly uses..
Liver mostly uses..
Heart mostly uses..

A
  1. Glucose
    2,3, 4 Fatty acids
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3
Q

ATP formation = ?

A
  • ADP + Pi <-> ATP (33 kJ/mol)
  • ATP formation requires input of energy
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4
Q
  1. ATP -> ADP + Pi
  2. ADP -> AMP + Pi
  3. ATP -> AMP

How much ATP yield?

A
  1. 1 ATP
  2. 1 ATP
  3. 2 ATP
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5
Q

GE =? DE=? ME = ?

A

GE = gross energy (kj/gram)

DE = Digestible energy (kj/gram) (=GE-faeces). Amount of energy that is absorbed. (98,95, or93%)

ME = MEtabolizable energy (kj/gram) 9= DE - Urine & gas). What is left after accounting for energy in faeces and urine. Used to calculate caloric content.

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6
Q

How is GE measured? By what machine(s) and based on what principle?

A

GE (kj/gram) = total amount of heat released during oxidation (=combustion)

Bomb calorimeter: measure heat released during the burning of food
Bio calorimeter: animal + glucose, measure its heat production
Glucose is fully absorbed, thus same amount of heat released

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7
Q

Fat, protein, cho: how many kcal/gr?

A

cho: 4
Fat: 9
Protein: 4

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8
Q

GE is not the same/the same for animals and humans. In descending order of energy:

glucose
Maltose
Cellulose
Amylose

A
  1. Cellulose = amylose
  2. Maltosee
  3. Glucose
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9
Q

ME: same/not same for animals/humans?
Descending order of energy:
glucose
Maltose
Cellulose
Amylose

A
  1. Amylose
  2. Maltose
  3. Glucose
  4. Cellulose
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10
Q

How much energy is in ATP (kj/mol)?

A

33 kj/mol

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11
Q

There are two ways to form ATP by oxidation of nutrients. Name them + example.

A

2 ways:
Direct: substrate phosphorylation (anaerobic). Example: glycolysis

Indirect: oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic), mitochondria. Example: oxidation of metabolic fuels

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12
Q

Five ways ATP can be used?

A
  1. Endothermic (metabolic) reactions
  2. Linked to H+ gradient, and cellular transporters
  3. ABC transporters
  4. Metabolic trapping
  5. Protein regulation
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13
Q

How is ATP needed for endothermic reactions?

A

 In an endothermic reaction, less energy than the activation energy is released when the new bond is formed.
 Endothermic reactions proceed with overall 1 ATP used

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14
Q

How is ATP needed in transporting materials across cell membranes with generation of a proton gradient?

A
  1. Water = H+ (proton) + OH- (hydroxyl group). They do not have to come from the same compartment within a cell.
  2. Membrane ATPase uses H+ from inside and OH- from outside.
    ATP -> ADP + P, releasing energy.
  3. Excess H+ on outside is used for the sodium pump. Sodium is used for co-transport with substrates, or counter transport to get waste products outside of the cell. (e.g. amino acid absorption)
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15
Q

How is ATP needed in ABC transporters?

A

ABC-type transporters have to be phosphorylated to allow transport, which happens with ATP

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16
Q

How is ATP needed in metabolic trapping?

A

Phosphorylation of glucose (= gl-6-p) requires one ATP.

17
Q

How is ATP needed in protein regulation?

A

Phosphorylation of the enzyme: may activate or inactivate the protein. Depends on the protein and where the phosphorylation takes place.
Requires ATP

18
Q

How is creatin used in terms of ATP?

A

To store energy.

There are difficulties of storing a large excess of ATP in a cell.
ATP = used to phosphorylate creatin into creatin phosphate. That is a way to store energy. Dephosphorylation releases ATP again for contraction.

19
Q

Oxidation of glucose: how much % efficiency?

20
Q

What are 5 sphincters that border compartments of digestive tract from mouth to anus?

A
  1. Upper oesophagus sphincter
  2. Lower oesophagus sphincter
  3. Pylorus
  4. Ileal cecal valve
  5. Anal sphincter
21
Q

Which sphincter borders the
1. Oesophagus
2. Small intestine
3. Stomach
4. Large intestine

A
  1. Upper oesophagus sphincter + lower
  2. Pylorus + ileal ecal valve
  3. Lower oesophageal sphincter + pylorus
  4. Ileal cecal valve + Anal sphincter
22
Q

What nutrients are not digested by the brush border enzymes?

A

Fat + oils (simply absorbed)

23
Q

 Main determinant of the timespan of arrival of food components at the ileo-caecal valve after a meal?

A

The rate of gastric emptying. This can range to 1-5 hrs. Small intestinal passage rate is 1.5 hr and that’s it.

24
Q

 Assuming normal nutritional conditions, what is true with respect to anabolic and catabolic processes during the post absorptive phase of a meal?

A

There is always a net catabolic situation

(Catabolism: to break down, anabolism: to build up (think: anabolen))

Nutritional physiology (26 decks)

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