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Nutritional physiology > 3.a Intestinal phases > Flashcards

3.a Intestinal phases Flashcards

1
Q

In descending order where most digestion and absorption takes place:

Duodenum
Jejenum (does not secrete)
Ileum

A

Duodenum, jejenum, ileum

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2
Q

What kind of signals does the duodenum give when food enters it?

A

-> Contents entering the duodenum initiate signals that delay gastric emptying/contractions.
-> Increased amplitude of contractions of pylorus and duodenum

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3
Q

Duodenual cluster unit does not contain..

A

liver

Does contain
Duodenum, stomach, biliary system, exocrine pancreas

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4
Q

Sphincter of Oddi is the entry point for..

A

pancreatic juices and bile
(liver also attached)

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5
Q

Pancreas is divided into..

A

Acinus
Ductule

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6
Q

How does the pancreas work?

A

Acinus: Granules filled with “pro-enzymes” stored. Not active yet. Activated by neurones or hormones and then released into the..

Ductule: Flushed into small intestine upon adding of bicarbonate, activated by for example secretin.

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7
Q

Duodenal cluster unit regulates entry of chyme, titrates exocrine secretions and mixes them.
Duodenal wall: osmolarity and nutrient meter. What does it do?

A

Activate CCK + nerves
Regulates Bile from biliary secretion
Regulates enzymes from pancreatic juice and gastric chyme.
Determine the flow from stomach into duodenum.

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8
Q

Duodenal cluster unit regulates entry of chyme, titrates exocrine secretions and mixes them.
Duodenal wall: pH meter. What does it do?

A

Secretes secretin, which regulates bicarbonate from biliary secretion and from pancreatic juice

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9
Q

What does the duodenal wall secrete itself?

A

H2O + HCO3- (bicarbonate) secretion

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10
Q

Why is bicarbonate very important?

A

Because it neutralizes the gastric acid in the small intestine (among other factors)

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11
Q

Name other factors that affect pH in the small intestine.

A

Gastric acid (H+ input)
H+ absorption
Buffers
Protein
Bile acids
Fatty acids

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12
Q

What do S cells do (sensor cell)?

A

They secrete the secretin, which adjusts the amount of bicarbonate released into the lumen of the duodenum.
They are in the duodenal mucosa and sensor the pH.

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13
Q

Does it matter if your meal is hyper or hypotonic for the pH in the duodenum?

A

No, in the duodenum they are all normalized to the isotonic situation.

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14
Q

What check-up system is used in the small intestine?

A

The monitor peptide is used (released in the duodenum with digestive enzymes)

When sensing cells sense this peptide, they release CCK hormones.

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15
Q

What does trypsin do with monitor peptide?

A

It digests it.

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16
Q

How is CCK ( Cholecystokinin) then released in the latter part of the intestine?

A

CCK-RP (CCK-releasing peptide)
activates release of CCK. However also get degraded. No CCK activation anymore.
p.22

17
Q

Via what does the CCK convey its messages?

A

DVC

18
Q

Effects of CCK?

A

Gall bladder contraction (fatty acid stimulation)
Relax sphincter of Oddi
Decreased acid secretion
Decreased gastric emptying
Increased pancreatic enzyme

19
Q

What are the major solid components of bile?

A

Bile acids

20
Q

Bile acids are synthesized by … and stored in …. and recirculated via …

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Portal vein of intestine > liver > reused

21
Q

Pancreatic secretions are stimulated by..

A

Neural and humoral mechanisms (CCK)

22
Q

Where is CCK secreted / located?

A

 CCK is also positioned at top of acinus of pancreas. Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion

23
Q

Most of the enzymes secreted by pancreas are..

A

pro-enzymes (not activated)

24
Q

Enzymes enter the lumen. At the lumen, you have microvilli which contain enzymes as well:

A

Enterokinases

25
Q

What is required for activation of some pancreatic digestive enzymes?

A

Brush border enterokinase and luminal trypsin
p.23

26
Q

Duodenal passage alters the physical characteristics of the meal. Name some of pre duodenum vs at duodenum

A

Antrum:
< 2mm
emulsified triglyceride
hyperosmotic
pH 5-6
protonized protein
indigestible fiber

Duodenum:
macromolecules
micellar lipids
isoosmotic
pH 7
solubized protein
indigestible fiber

27
Q

Protein digestion takes place during what phases?

A

Gastic + intestinal phase

28
Q

CCK is a hormone that stimulates…

.. pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
.. bile production
.. release of pancreatic enzymes

Which is true?

A

release of pancreatic enzymes

29
Q

Enterokinase is an exo/endo peptidase. It cleaves peptidases (trypsinogen -> trypsin)

A

Endo

30
Q

Of which organs can the blood be slightly acidic?

A

pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine

31
Q

Brush border enzymes play a large role in having last step of digestion (e.g. degradation of oligopeptides into amino acids).

Only nutrient where no ‘final digestion’ is needed = ?

A

Lipids

Nutritional physiology (26 decks)

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