7.5 Flashcards
1
Q
International Problems
A
- germany resented the treaty of versailles harsh terms
- USA rejected versailles treaty and followed policy of isolationism
- france was determine to enforce the versailles treaty and make germany pay for WWI
- communist russia remained outside the international system
2
Q
Old certainties
A
- belief in the power of reason to understand the universe and discover natural laws
- belief in progress and power of science and technology to improve living standards
- belief in liberty and power of individual rights to promote a just society
3
Q
The impact of WWI
A
- caused death and destruction
- overthrew the established monarchies and social orders in russia, germany, and austria-hungary
- led many people to question the optimistic belief in reason, progress, and individual rights
4
Q
Terrible uncertainties
A
- a widespread feeling of disillusionment, uncertainty, and anxiety
- new doubts about ability of individuals to control their lives
- an intellectual crisis that affected every field of thought
5
Q
The Impact of WWI (1919-1924)
A
- the suffering of WWI undermined the whole idea of progress
- immediate response: creation of memorials
- a lost generation of generation of war veterans were created
6
Q
Lost generation
A
- the war veterans became accustomed to violence
- war and violence became a way of life and social reality
- some war veterans became pacifists but for some, the war became a starting point for using violence
- for example restoring national interests that they felt were betrayed in peace treaties
7
Q
Failure of the League of Nations
A
- the l.o.n. tried to redraw boundaries and create new states (fulfilling nationalism)
- but some were still unhappy because
- they couldn’t maintain the peace
- since USA didn’t want to be part of european affairs, the league is weaker because of one less member
- only weapon was economic sanctions (LIMITED) (trade embargoes)
- league of powerless to stop armed conflict and punish
8
Q
League of Nations and France (1919-1924)
A
- USA didn’t agree with defense alliance, so france was alone
- originally france created and alliance with russia to scare germany with a two-front war
- but! with russia also powerful, france created alliances with poland and members of little entente, but they weren’t great military powers
- because france couldn’t get military support, they got security by enforcing the peace treaty on germany
- france demanded reparations and threatened to occupy thur valley (chief industrial mining center)
- germany agreed to pay, but then they couldn’t pay
- france then invaded the ruhr valley, but it wasn’t enough to offset the costs
- germany had the effect of printing more money and causing inflation
9
Q
The Hopeful years (1924-1929)
A
- france and britain had new governments, which led to them giving in to germany and reparations problems
- germany stopped passive resistance and seek out an new treaty
- the dawes plan then took place
- the treaty of locarno took place too
- also in RUSSIa, people realized the bolshevik regime could not be ousted so they created diplomatic relations with them (still keeping and eye on them though)
10
Q
Dawes Plan
A
- it reduced the reparations for germany
- it gave germany a loan
- this led to an area of european prosperity
- is to reestablish a sound german currency
- the infusion of american money gave life to german economy
11
Q
Treaty of Locarno
A
- it guaranteed germanys new western borders with france belgium
- it was supposed to bring peace
- germany entering the league of nations showed the spirit of conciliation shown at locarno
- also the agreement of the kellogg-briand showed that too
- it didn’t really do anything because germany couldn’t change their borders if they wanted to because they didn’t military power because they had to disarm themselves
12
Q
Kellogg-Briand
A
- it pledged to renounce war as an instrument of national policy
- it bolstered collective security and promoted a renewed spirit of optimisim
13
Q
Causes of the Great Depression
A
- the crash of the american stock market and downturn in domestic economies
- domestic economies ….
- prices were DECLINED because there was and overproduction because during the war they needed products and after they thought europe would need more stuff after their fields were gone
- european states imposed tariffs
- american stock markets …..
- many people lent loans to german banks and when the stocks went down, people withdrew their stocks, causing the banks in germany to weaken
14
Q
Great Depression
A
- industrialists were cutting back on production
- trade was slowing down (tariffs)
- many were unemployed
- one social Repercussions of the Great Depression was that women were able to attain jobs, while many were unemployed
- the government tried to handle deflatation by lowering wages, raising tariffs, which caused more problems /political repercussions
- political repercussions include: increased government activity in economy, popularity of marxist doctrine, and fascism
15
Q
fascism
A
- came out of the great depression
- and idea that an dictator can solve the economic crisis
16
Q
Democratic Progress
A
- there were political democracies popping up
- universal suffrage instead of universal male suffrage
17
Q
Great Britain
A
- during the war they lost many markets for industrial products and decline in industries (overproduction)
- postwar was there was a rise in unemployment
- 1923: The labour party started to get powerful led by ramsay macdonald, but it didn’t last long
- 1925 -1929: conservatives led the era of recovery
- the era of recovery was superficial because the british exports didn’t make up for overseas investment and there was still unemployment and the coal miners weren’t happy because mines were closed (decline in industries) (causing general strike of 1929)
- then in 1929, the labour party got strong again
- in 1931, the labour government declined and national government claimed it helped britain come out of depression
18
Q
General strike of 1929
A
- happened in great britain
- owners tried to lower coal miners wages, but this caused a strike
- in the end, the coal miners didn’t agree to the settlement and had to work long hours with lower wages
19
Q
ramsay macdonald
A
- elected prime minister in 1923 when the labour party started to get powerful
- but his government lasted a short time
20
Q
National Government
A
- it was a combination of liberals and conservative
- in 1931 they claimed that they helped britain come out of depression
21
Q
John Maynard Keynes
A
- he said that unemployment came from the decline in demand
- a rise in demand could come from public works
- british
22
Q
France
A
- their first goal after the war was to rebuild their devastated areas
- the conservative national blancs wanted to use german reparations to pay for rebuilding, but when they had to raise taxes, the cartel of left came in (1924-1926)
- however! the cartel of left and the national blancs stabilized the economy (1926-1929)
- 1932 -1933 france was feeling the effects of the great depression
- 1934: the right wings started to start riots because of influence from fascists and nazis
- 1936: the left wings grouped together to form the popular front
- the popular front created the french new deal
- however! the popular front didn’t solve the problems of the great depression
23
Q
Cartel of the Left
A
- socialists, radicals, leftists parties
- their economic differences made it difficult to handle the problem of the french economy
- they then left and the national blocs came back
24
Q
Popular Front
A
- led by Leon blum
- created the french new deal
- created when the left wings grouped together after the the right wings started to start riots
25
Q
Leon Blum
A
-led the popular front in france
26
Q
Scandinavian States
A
- they were successful in coping with the great depression
- socialist parties started to get powerful there
- socialist parties encouraged rural and industrial COOPERATIVE enterprises, which were privately owned
- these enterprises avoided the depression because they were privately owned and managed
- socialist parties also expanded social services
27
Q
USA
A
- many were unemployed and industrial production was down
- franklin roosevelt was elected
- in 1933, they put in the New Deal
- but, since the new deal didn’t really bring about much change and people wanted more radical change, roosevelt put in the second new deal
- these two deals brought social reforms and prevented a social revolution
- however there were still many people unemployed
28
Q
new Deal
A
- created by rooselevent
- didn’t really bring about much change and people wanted more radical change, so roosevelt put in the second new deal
- a organization was created to insure the safety of bank deposits, provide funds to help communities help the homeless and unemployed, and to employ people to work on projects
29
Q
The Second New Deal
A
- created because the new deal didn’t really bring about much change and people wanted more radical change, so roosevelt put in the second new deal
- it employed people to work on projects, social legislation, and encouraged growth of labor unions
30
Q
The Middle East
A
- between WWI and WWII the ottoman and persian empire fell, giving rise to modernizing regimes in turkey and iran
- in turkey, there was general mustafa kemal/ataturk
31
Q
Turkey
A
- general mustafa wanted to create a republic of turkey
- he wanted to modernize to by making it a state-run industrial system and sorta democratic
- he made turkey a secular republic
- he also modernized the culture by giving women equal rights and education
32
Q
general mustafa kemal/ataturk
A
- modernized turkey
- changing his name from general mustafa kemal to ataturk is an example
33
Q
India
A
- during WWI, gandhi started a NONVIOLENT resistance to have independence in india
- after british refused them, the started a policy of civil disobedience by refusing to obey british regulations
- in 1935 they granted internal self government which was partially independence because at a local level, they had some control, but britain still controlled them
34
Q
Civil Disobedience
A
- started by gandhi in india
- they refused to obey british regulations by creating their own clothes
35
Q
Africa
A
- many african soldiers who fought in WWI believed they earned independence
- after the treaty of versailles however, they were not longer under german control, but british french as mandates
- in the west and schools people learned about freedom, nationalism and quality and started to demand it
- they started to organize trade unions and have violent protests
- powers started to put in reforms (trying to make them happy) but was too late. leaders wanted independence not reforms!
- there were calls for independence from africans who were educated in USA or europe
