7.4 Flashcards
1
Q
The Last years of the War
A
- after the treaty of brest-litovsk, russia was out of the war
- this pushed germany to make a gamble and go to the west and break the stalemate (second battle of the marne)
- this battle resulted in america and french troops defeating them and allies moving towards germany
- this battle also resulted in germany (after losing a lot of troops) knowing that they were defeated
- germany then sued for peace, but the allies wouldn’t make pace with a autocratic imperial government, so they made reforms for a liberal government
- however! councils of workers and soldiers already took control of administrations (mutiny!)
- william abdicated the throne and socialists created republic
- there was then a truce and peace
2
Q
Casualties of war
A
- many died and were wounded during the war and after
- birthrate declined because many men died
- there was a lost generation
- there was also many civilians who died (armenian genocide)
3
Q
lost generation
A
-created war veterans who used violence
4
Q
armenian genocide
A
-because turks thought there was going to be a armenian revolution and they were plotting with russian, the turks killed them and exported them
5
Q
First Revolutionary upheavals in Germany
A
- there were many mutinies and mass demonstrations
- social democrats were the only organized party within all the chaos
- social democrats separated into two groups
- one wanted a parliamentary democracy, gradual approach to social democracy and elimination of capitalist system
- another didn’t like how the other groups wanted war so they were called the independent social democratic party
- RADICAL members of this group started a revolution because they wanted a revolution carried out by soldiers and workers
- these radicals failed however
6
Q
Second Revolution upheaval in germany
A
- truce was created and most people were happy
- RADICALS tried to achieve control of the government again
- the moderate socialists then defeated them by using the free corps
- moderate socialists won because they used a traditional army (example of conservative forces (traditionally army) and moderate socialists uniting!)
- the republican government prevailed
- as a result of this second revolution, people started to have a deep fear of communism
7
Q
Independent Social Democratic Party
A
- because this second group of social democrats didn’t like how the other group wanted war, they created this party
- the RADICAL members of this group started 2 revolutions and were unsuccessful in both of them
8
Q
karl Liebknecht
A
- leader of radical members of independent social democratic party
- started 2 revolutions
9
Q
Rosa Luxemburg
A
- leader of radical members of independent social democratic party
- started 2 revolutions
10
Q
Free Corps
A
- moderate socialists used this army to defeat radical independent social democratic party members in the 2nd revolution in germany
- it wa s regular army and groups of anti-revolutionary volunteers
11
Q
Austria-Hungary Upheavals
A
- 1914: they attacked serbia because they were scared that nationalist forces are destroying the empire
- 1918: ethnic minorities wanted national independence and were encouraged by allies
- at the end of the war: independent republics were created (austria, hungary, czechoslovakia, yugoslavia)
- after that, they rivalries, ethnic pride and national statehood caused chaos and weakened eastern europe instead of fighting each other within
12
Q
Leading up to the Wilson’s 14 points
A
- 1917: russia found treaties that said that WWI happened because of territorial gains
- in early 1918, woodrow wilson wanted to gain the aim of war from territorial gains to higher ground
13
Q
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points
A
- justified WWI as a fight for moral causes
- in order to achieve peace…
- have open accounts of peace instead of secret diplomacy
- reduce army for defense
- self determination of well-defined national aspirations
- in order to eliminate absolutism and militarism, wilson thought democratic government and general association of nations would give independence
- he wanted democracy and internal cooperation
14
Q
14 points according to crash course
A
- open diplomacy
- freedom of seas
- reduction of national armaments
- return of alsace-lorraine to france
- free and independent poland
- national self- demitneraiton for oppressed minorities
- creation of general association of nations to preserve the peace and security of its members
15
Q
France’s aims during paris conference
A
- they wanted to punish germany by demilitarization, having it pay reparations, and have rhineland as a buffer state
- they were also scared of a bolshevik revolution spreading to france
- so they strengthened eastern states (poland, czechoslovakia, roma) while not paying attention germany and russia
16
Q
The others countries at the Peace Conference
A
- there was conflict between wilson’s goals and secret treaties
- wilson was idealistic, but others were realistic/ keeping with secret treaties
17
Q
Paris Peace Conference
A
- big four powers were thre (italy, france, USA, britain)
- italy didn’t do anything
- german and russian weren’t invited/couldn’t come
18
Q
Decisions of Paris Peace Conference
A
- wilson wanted a league of nations to prevent war
- clemenceau and lloyd wanted to punish germany
- they eventually adopted the prince of league of nations, but they all had to compromise
19
Q
League of Nations
A
-principle wanted by wilson and adopt by paris peace conference
20
Q
Big Four
A
- france: clemenceau
- USA: Wilson
- britain Lloyd George
21
Q
Treaty of Versailles
A
- signed in 1919
- there were five separate treaties
- germany disagreed with Article 231: War Guilt Clause
- germany had to reduce its army, cut back its navy, and eliminate tis air force
- germany to give use alsace and lorraine, parts of prussia, and land west and as far as 30 miles east of the rhine
- germany’s territories in africa and the pacific were given as mandates to britain, france, and japan
22
Q
Who was defeated in WWI
A
-germany, austria, hungary, bulgaria, ottoman empire
23
Q
Article 231: War Guilt Clause
A
- it made germany and austria responsible for starting the war
- ordered germany to pay reparations
- this was a wartime promise that allies made to their people
24
Q
The Other Peace Treaties of Treaty of Versailles
A
- germany and russia lost land in eastern europe
- austro-hungarian empire disapparated
- habsburg monarchy eliminated
- new states were: finland, latvia, estonia, lithuania, poland, czechoslovakia, austria, hungary
- balkans were rearranged
- romania got lands from russia, hungary, and bulgaria
- serbia formed yugoslavia
- the east bank of the rhine river was to be demilitarized
- allies had the right to occupy the rhineland for 15 years
25
Q
Effect of the Treaty of Versailles
A
- when the lines of countries were drawn, almost every european state was left with minorities problems
- people were unhappy because they felt the peace makers were shortsighted
- some through it was best they could and the league of nations could resolve future conflicts peacefully
- some people thought WWII came about because of lack of enforcement instead of structure of settlement
26
Q
Treaty of Versailles and USA
A
- they didn’t join the league of nations because they didn’t ratify the treaty of versailles
- they also rejected the defensive alliance with great britain and france so they won’t fight anymore wars
- this led to britain stepping out of the alliance and france is left alone
- this made france face germany alone with no defense alliance, angry, and takes matters in their own hands
27
Q
Ottomans and Arabs during WWI
A
- in order to defeat the ottomans, allies promised to reward arabs independence
- however! their imperialistic desires caused allies to make countries mandates
28
Q
Mandates
A
- it is where a nation officially administered a territory on behalf of the league of nations
- it showed how self-determination was only for europeans
