7.3 Flashcards
1
Q
Leading up to the Russian Revolution
A
- after revolution of 1905, nicholas relied on army and bureaucracy
- During WWI, nicholas took personal charge of the army and they suffered a lot of losses
- in 1914, people’s patriotic enthusiasm went away. there was no constitutional monarchy, peasants and workers were upset.
- rasputin started to control the government
- middle, class, aristocrats, peasants, soldiers and workers were getting mad and annoyed
2
Q
Rasputin
A
- leading up to russian revolution
- a peasant who Nicholas’s wife thought was a holy man
- he started to control the government
3
Q
March Revolution
A
- March of 1917
- bread rationing was introduced
- many factory worker WOMEN were standing in line for bread in Petrograd
- women there started to strike and others joined her
- nicholas ordered soldiers to disperse the crowd, but the soldiers just joined
- now the situation was out of the tsar’s control
4
Q
The fall of the tsarist regime
A
- during the march revolution nicholas ordered soldiers to disperse the crowd, but the soldiers just joined
- now the situation was out of the tsar’s control
- then the duma met and created a provisional government
- nicholas abdicated
5
Q
Provisional Government created after the fall of the tsarist regime
A
- constitutional democrats created this government
- they had LIBERAL agenda
- they wanted a parliamentary democracy
- they also passed reforms that provided universal suffrage, civil equality, 8 hour workday
6
Q
Soviets
A
- councils of workers and soldiers deputies
- it represented radical interest of lower class
- had socialists
- one was a marxist SDP that split into mensheviks and bolsheviks
7
Q
Mensheviks
A
- they wanted a mass electoral socialist party
- socialist party of the soviets
- they were willing to cooperate temporarily in a parliamentary democracy while working towards a socialist state
8
Q
Bolsheviks
A
- under the leadership of V.I. Lenin
- they believed a “vanguard” of activist must form a party of well disciplined professional revolutionaries
- they wanted to create a violent revolution that would destroy the capitalist system
- after a provisional government was created, lenin and his followers went to russia
9
Q
V.I. Lenin
A
- he led the bolsheviks
- april theses
- didn’t like gradual reform, saying capitalism could only be destroyed by class conflict
- a communist revolution was possible in a non industrialized country as russia
- instead of the small working class leadership, it should come from professional revolutionaries
10
Q
Leading up to the Bolshevik Revolution
A
- when lenin arrived in russia, he presented his april theses
- the april theses led to bolsheviks gaining a majority of soviets
- then the provisional government was trying to gain control
- but! peasants were just seizing land
- also! the army order No. 1 just created more chaos
- also the provisional government continued to be in WWI which was unpopular
11
Q
April Theses
A
- lenin said it was not necessary for a bourgeois revolution, but we can just go straight into socialism
- the soviets of soldiers could do this
- the bolsheviks should gain control of the soviets and use them to overthrow the provisional government
- also bolsheviks stressed the discontent and aspirations of people (redistribution of land to peasants, committees of workers instead of capitalists, provisional government to soviet power)
12
Q
Army Order No. 1
A
- ordered russian forces to replace officers with elected representative of lower ranks
- peasant soldiers just went home
- the army was now chaos
13
Q
The Bolshevik Revolution
A
- Kerensky
- because of kerensky, the soviets were strengthened and lenin knew how the provisional government was really weak
- pro-soviet and pro-Bolshevik forces took over
- Leon Trotsky
- the provisional government collapsed
- lenin created Council of People’s Commissars with him as the head
- one problem was that the constituent assembly caused the bolsheviks to be defeated, but lenin just destroyed the assembly
- lenin then started to put in a bunch of reforms
14
Q
Kerensky and the Bolshevik Revolution
A
- a general was coming to try to seize power
- kerensky then released bolsheviks from prison and asked for their help
- his actions showed how the provisional government was really weak
15
Q
Lenin’s Reforms after the Bolshevik Revolution
A
- he realized he needed to fulfill bolsheviks promises
- to make the peasants happy, he turned the land to local rural land committees
- to make urban workers happy, he turned the control of factories to committees of workersf
- he promised because but because of the treaty of brest-litovsk and civil war it was difficult because he had to lose land
16
Q
Social Reforms after the Bolshevik Revolution
A
- Alexandra Kollontai
- zhenotdel
17
Q
Alexandra Kollontai
A
- she pushed a bolshevik program for women’s rights and social welfare reforms
- health care
- reforms that made marriage a civil act, legalized divorce, equality of men and women, permitted abortions
18
Q
Zhenotdel
A
- sent people throughout russia to explain new social order
- they helped women with matters of divorce and women’s rights
19
Q
treaty of brest-litovsk
A
- russia gave up eastern poland, ukraine, finland, and baltic provinces to germany
- it was hard to achieve his promise of peace because of this and the civil war
- he needed to end the war with germany so that the bolshevik regime could survive
- he accomplished his promise to achieve peace, but had to give up land
20
Q
The Russian Civil War
A
- there was opposition from people loyal to the tsar, the bourgeois and aristocratic liberals and anti-leninist socialists
- 1918-1921
- there were 3 white groups and all were pushed back (siberia, ukraine, baltic regions)
- ukraine and caucasus were taken by russia
- the tsar’s family was taken into custody and burned
21
Q
Why did the Bolsheviks win the Russian Civil War?
A
- the army was disciplined and a formidable fighting force thanks to trotsky
- the red army had the advantage of interior lines of defense, so they could move troops from one battlefront to another
- the anti-communist forces were not united. they had political differences
- the white couldn’t agree on a common goal, while communists had a single clear purpose
- communists translated their revolutionary faith into practical instruments of power / reality (war communism, red terror)
- since there were allied forces in russia, the communist government could appeal to patriotic russians to fight the attempts of foreigners to control their country. it just helped the bolsheviks, not the civil war
22
Q
leon Trotsky
A
- fought during bolshevik revolution
- he made the army disciplined and formidable fighting force
23
Q
War communism
A
-it ensured regular supplies for red army because everything was under bolshevik control
24
Q
Red Terror
A
- it as basically a secret police
- it wanted to destroy opposition to new regime
25
Q
Conclusion of Bolshevik Regime
A
- bolshevik regime transformed russia into a bureaucratically centralized state dominated by single party
- russia is now hostile to allied powers
- the total war of WWI caused the collapse of russia which allowed bolsheviks to seize power
