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APE Unit 7 > 7.2 > Flashcards

7.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Prewar illusions before 1914

A
  • people thought that war involved many political and economic risks so war was not worth fighting
  • some thought that rational diplomats could control any situation and prevent the outbreak of war
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2
Q

Coming of 1914-1915: Illusions

A
  • at first, when the government said that they needed soldiers, people were willing to listen/ follow, especially MIDDLE CLASS CROWDS
  • however, some peasants/ workers were not as eager IN THE BEGINNING
  • then! people were convinced that their nation’s cause was just and put aside their domestic differences (socialism, look it up)
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3
Q

1914-1915: Illusions

A
  • people thought that war would be SHORT
  • people thought that war could not be conducted for more than a few months without destroying a nation’s economy
  • some thought that war would be a release from “humdrum bourgeois existence”
  • war would be a glorious adventure
  • war would rid the nation of selfishness and spark a national rebirth of self-sacrifice, heroism etc…
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4
Q

War in the West in 1914-1915

A
  • the schlieffen plan said for german army to go through belgium, into northern france and go into paris
  • they needed a strong right flank for encircling paris, but they were scared of russia coming in, so they moved this flank to the east
  • france continued their moving to paris
  • they were about to win but! britain came in and stopped them
  • they were at a stalemate because they were both in their TRENCHES
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5
Q

War in the East in 1914-1915

A
  • rusisa moved into eastern germany and defeated
  • as a result of these two wars, russia wasn’t a threat to german territory
  • in AUSTRIA, they were defeated by russians in galicia and serbia & italy attacked them
  • however! german-austrian army came back and pushed by russian army in galicia and eliminated serbia from the war
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6
Q

Trench Warfare

A
  • this lasted for 4 months
  • this happened in the war in the west
  • it went from the english channel to the swiss border
  • they were used for defense (barbed wire, machine gun nests)
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7
Q

1916-1917: The Great Slaughter

A
  • military leaders (who wanted wars of movement and maneuver) were not able to do that because of trenches
  • they decided to start attacking enemies barbed wire, leaving enemy in shock, then sending men to go to enemy lines, so that they could have a war of movement and maneuver
  • this didn’t really work
  • battle of verdun, somme, and champagne are some examples of this failure
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8
Q

Daily Life in the Trenches

A
  • there were unimaginable horrors
  • clouds of confusion
  • battlefields had barbed wire, shell holes, mud, injured and dying men
  • poison gas
  • always a presence of death
  • they rotated jobs in the trenches
  • it was predictable
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9
Q

The creation of new allies

A
  • because of the stalemate, people looked for new allies
  • ottoman empire joined germany’s side
  • russia, great britain and france declared war on ottoman empire
  • britain landed in gallipoli, but because bulgaria joined germany’s side, britain retreated
  • bulgaria joined germany’s side
  • italians also joined france
  • japan joined allies
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10
Q

Central Powers

A
  • germany, austria hungary, ottoman empire, bulgaria

- 1914-1917

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11
Q

Allies

A
  • britain, france, russia

- 1914-1917

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12
Q

Britain in the colonies

A
  • lawrence of arabia
  • britain forces from egypt destroyed ottoman empire in middle east
  • 1916
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13
Q

lawrence of arabia

A
  • convinced arab provinces to revolt against ottoman overlords
  • 1916
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14
Q

Africa

A
  • allies took german colonies in africa
  • france recruited african troops to fight in europe (many died)
  • africans were also used for labor
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15
Q

Impact of war in Africa

A
  • the extension of colonial rule since germany’s african colonies were transferred to winning powers (britain, france)
  • africans began to advocate political and social equality
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16
Q

Japan

A
  • japan joined allies

- they wanted to get some of germany’s lands in asia

17
Q

The entry of the United States

A
  • britain put a naval blockade on germany
  • germany responded by putting a unrestricted submarine warfare
  • americans started to protest against this after lusitania
  • germany then took this out
  • they then put it back on
  • this would cause the british to starve
  • then, the USA entered
18
Q

unrestricted submarine warfare

A
  • the area around the british isles was a war zone

- germany said that it would torpedo any ship caught in it

19
Q

Lusitania

A
  • 100 americans lost their lives
  • british ship
  • this caused americans to protest against this after lusitania
  • germany then took unrestricted submarine warfare out
20
Q

A New Kind of Warfare

A
  • planes

- tanks

21
Q

Planes

A
  • they were used to attack ground targets, enemy communications
  • zeppelins
22
Q

Tanks

A
  • the first tanks were not very effective
  • but then they started to have more powerful engines and greater maneuverability
  • they came too late to have a great affect on outcome of WWI
23
Q

Total War: Political Centralization and Economic Regimentation

A
  • with the war starting to get longer and patriotism dying, they needed to start ……
  • conscriptions started to happen
  • even countries who had volunteers (britain) did compulsory military service
  • however! skilled workers stayed at home
  • also! the government is expanding their power by controlling the economy by…
  • controlling prices, nationalization of industries, compulsory employment
  • basically, the LIBERALISTIC idea of a government was gone
24
Q

Total War: Germany

A
  • germany was successful in creating a planned economy
  • but they were not successful with rationing of food (there was a labor shortage and british blockade causing food shortages to be unavoidable)
  • the german war government became under military authority and were controlled basically by military dictators
25
Q

Total War: Britain

A
  • the power of the central government was increased
  • the government, instead of doing liberal ideas of government not interfering with economy, started to have a more active role
  • for example, they made sure that private industries would produce war material at limiting profits and could take over plants that did not cooperate with them
  • the also rationed food supplies and imposed rent controls
26
Q

Total War: France

A
  • not as successful as germany and britain
  • it was difficult to create a strong war government because germany occupation and strained relationship between civil and military authorities
  • they eventually found a strong leader who created a civilian control of a total war government
27
Q

Total War: Russia and Austria-Hungary

A
  • their backward economies proved incapable of turning out the quantity of raw material needed to fight
  • their numerous minorities made it difficult to have unity
28
Q

Total War: Italy

A

-they lacked public enthusiasm and industrial resources

29
Q

Public Order and Public opinion: 1916-1917

A
  • as the war dragged on, patriotic enthusiasm was replaced by internal dissatisfaction
  • strike activity increased dramatically (easter rebellion)
  • later on, more dramatic protests occurred (mutinies, etc…)
  • war governments fought back to the growing opposition
  • even the parliamentary regimes started to expand police powers to stifle internal dissent
  • war time governments used propaganda to arouse enthusiasm for war
30
Q

Easter Rebellion

A
  • example of Public Order and Public opinion in 1916-1917
  • irish people went into government building on easter sunday
  • british crushed them
31
Q

Origin of Public Order and Public opinion: 1916-1917

A
  • liberals in germany and britain
  • socialists in germany and austria
  • they both wanted negotiations
32
Q

The Social Impact of Total War: Labor

A
  • governments didn’t want labor problems to disrupt production
  • so they asked for the cooperation of trade unions
  • this led to increased prestige of trade unions and collective bargaining practices
33
Q

The Social Impact of Total War: Women

A
  • since men were off fighting, women took jobs and responsibilities that had not been open to them before
  • they were employed in jobs that had been considered “beyond the capacity of women” ESPECIALLY FACTORY WORKERS IN HEAVY INDUSTRY
  • women were allowed to vote in germany, austria, and USA after the war
34
Q

The Social Impact of Total War: Women NEGATIVE

A
  • males resisted having women working in places where they worked because since women were getting lower wages, maybe it would depress their own wages
  • women called for equal-pay legislation, they got it but it really wasn’t equal
  • women didn’t have real security because they thought it would TEMPORARY
  • infact, after the war, women were removed from the workforce
35
Q

The Social Impact of Total War: Social Leveler

A
  • not one particular class experienced all the deaths
  • aristocracy in the trenches
  • the unskilled workers that were killed by machine guns
  • skilled workers however! stayed at home in war industries
36
Q

The Social Impact of Total War: Class conflict

A
  • since there was a burst of patriotic enthusiasm, people thought that there was a new sense of community that meant the end of class conflict
  • but they were wrong
37
Q

The Social Impact of Total War: Economic

A
  • the large industries benefited while small firms had to shut down
  • inflation. many people lost purchasing power because wage outstrip prices (skilled workers were able to earn wages that helped them keep up with inflation, but no unskileld workers)
  • middle class were hit hard

APE Unit 7 (6 decks)

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