7.17 Aircraft Handling And Storage Flashcards
What’s used to tow an aircraft that’s on soft ground
A towing bridle which is attached to both front wheels
What must be towed in a forward direction only
A tail wheeled aircraft
What must be switched on prior to towing an aircraft
The towing light
Before towing an aircraft what must be done before so
Permission granted from ATC ( aircraft traffic control )
How can stress and tension be relieved on landing gear and tyres after towing
By ensuring the wheels are pointing straight and that they have had at least one full turn
What direction should the aircraft be parked if possible
In the direction of the wind
Why’s it essential that the aircraft doesn’t turn on a locked wheel
As it may cause deformation and excessive tire wear
What’s the speed limits that a aircraft tractor can go with a tow bar attached
25km/h or 15.5mph
How fast can an aircraft towing tractor go without a tow bar attached
35km/h or 19.8mph
What’s the maximum speed an aircraft can be towed with passenger and cargo doors open
10km/h or 6.21mph
What must be added to the towing loads to calculate the maximum taxi weight
Thrust resistance
What’s The engine thrust resistance at ground idle
400 Dan per engine
What’s the maximum steering angle that nose wheels may be steered by during taxiing
+/- 70 degrees
Who has the final decision when towing the aircraft
The person driving the tow vehicle
What’s the towing marshal responsible for
For providing the aircraft flight deck with singles that will allow the aircraft to manoeuvre safely
How many jacks are generally used when jacking and aircraft and where are they positioned
Three ans usually one positioned towards the front of the fuselage and one under each wing
What also used along side jacks if the aircraft is going to be jacked for a longer period of time
A trustle
What are bottle jacks generally used for
Wheel changes
What are quadrapod jacks and when would they be used
A four legged jack with two fixed and two adjustable legs and they’re used on uneven ground
What prevents the collapsing of a jack
The locking collar or pin
How is a locking collar released
The jack must be slightly raised to offload the collar
Why’s it important to slowly open the oil control valve when lowering a jack
To control the speed of fall
Why’s it important that all the legs on a jack are adjusted
So that they all carry equal weight
When’s shoring used to hold an aircraft ans why
When the aircraft is subjected to structural stresses and it helps to release loads
When’s a rear fuselage support used
To steady the aircraft under specific conditions
Why should jacking be carried out inside and if it’s outside how should the aircraft be positioned
Because it cannot be affected by wind inside and if it has to be outside then must be positioned in the direction of the wind
If unable to use a bottle jack on a landing gear to replace tires what may be used
A ramp and to be positioned in front of the tyres and then the aircraft can be towed forwards
If an aircraft is parked in extremely windy conditions what must be checked
Aircraft stability
What can alter the weight that the aircraft is required to be for its parking periods
The weather/wind
When an aircraft is going to be stored for a prolonged period of time what precautions must be carried out
All safety locking devices are in
That it’s parked in direction of the wind
That the flaps and slats and thrust reversers are all retracted
That it’s chocked
What must be done if protective covers or devices are put on to protect each autos ducts and inlets
A tag must be attached to the captains stick to inform the crew
If an aircraft is to be parked for more than 2 days what must be carried out to the fuel tanks,
Toilet and water systems, battery
The fuel tanks must be filled to prevent microbiological corrosion
Toiler and water systems must be drained
Battery must be disconnected
At 7-15 days of an aircraft being stored what must be inspected
Any bird nestlings
All covers and blanking still fitted
Any leaks
Why must the aircraft be periodically moved
To prevent brinelling (damaging) of wheel bearings
What is recommended if an aircraft is being stored for over 20 months
That the wheels be replaced with old ones
After prolonged storage of aircraft what must be done to the APU and engines
Oil systems drained ans replaced with corrosion inhibitors
What must be carried out after a month of storage
Regreasing of cargo doors
Air con must be turned on to remove moisture
Test avionic and ice protection systems
What does the octane number in fuel indicate and is it better to have a higher or lower octane number
The fuels ability to resist knocking and higher
What temperature does jet a fuel freeze, jet a-1 and jet b fuel
A = -40
A-1= -47
B= -50
What’s the identification mark for fuel
Star kinda looking thingy
What are the two general refuelling methods
Gravity and pressure
Where are filler points located on aircraft that use gravitymp refuelling methods
On top of the wing
What pressure is pressure refuelling usually done at
50 psi
Why can’t fuel that’s been defueled of another aircraft be reused
To prevent any corrosion or contamination bring passed onto other aircraft
How far must no smoking signs be positioned from fuelling equipment
15m
How large must a fuelling zone be
6m
Where should an aircraft be fuelled and why
Outside to prevent fire risks
What fire extinguishers are recommended for feuling
Carbon dioxide or foam
How is static electricity build up prevented when reducing or defeulimg
By binding the aircraft to ground and the aircraft to the tanker and the aircraft to the refuel head and the refuel tanker to the ground
How must fuel bowsers be positioned and why
Facing away from the aircraft and so that they can be rapidly evacuated if there’s a spill
What must be ensured is turned off before refuelling or defuellimg
Any unnecessary electrical power such as radios or radar equipment
Why’s it important that ground equipment is moved before refuelling
As the aircraft may get heavier with the weight of the fuel so it may damage the structure as it settles
Why should chocks be moved slightly away during refuelling
Because the wheels may expand as a result of added weight meaning that they may get stuck
What’s the main danger of glaze ice
That it’s aerodynamic so it allows air to flow over it d due to the weight of this ice can lead to unequal weight loadings on wings and propellor leading to vibrations
What’s the most dangerous type of ice on aircraft
Glaze
What type of ice can be formed from pack snow and how
Glaze ice and it’s formee by the moisture in the ice
What’s the danger of rime ice
May interfere with airflow over wings
What’s the issue with hoar frost
If covering windscreen may lead to it being obscured, can afffect airflow and movement of free moving parts like flaps
What’s the difference between de icing and anti icing
De icing is the removal of icing and anti acing is the prevention of icing
What’s a holdover time (anti icing)
The Time in which anti icing fluid will prevent frost build up/ice
When does the holdover time start
The beginning of anti icing treatment
What’s the one step de/anti icing
Where anti icing fluid is heated and used to de ice the aircraft and the residue anti icing fluid left on the aircraft gives anti icing protection
What’s the two step de/anti icing
When aircraft is de iced and then anti Icing fluid is applied
What varies the freezing point of glycol
The amount of water in the mixture
What are type 1 fluids
Normally used for de icing and have poor anti icing properties
What percentage of type one fluids contain glycol
80%
What percentage of volume of glycol is contained within type II or IV fluids
50
Why do type II and IV fluids have longer holdover times than type I
Because they’re more viscous
What’s the difference between when the holdover time starts for the one step and two step de/anti icing methods
The holdover starts from the start of the de/anti icing process For one step
For two step it starts from when the anti icing fluid is applied
What type of information must be contained in anti icing code
The type of fluid
The percentage of water to fluid
The time the de/anti icing began
What must aircraft bleed systems be checked for before use
Certificate of serviceability
Fire extinguisher
What does a dc plug consist of
3 pins one positive , one negative and one Earth pin
How many pins does an AC supply socket usually have
6
When are hydraulic ground supplies used
When in the hangar as the apu can’t be run inside
What must be checked before using a hydraulic ground supplies
That the hydraulic fluid is the same within the ground supply as the one on the plane as it may damage the aircraft is mot
What’s important to make sure is in place before working on hydraulically supported equipment
That safety pins are in place
What 2things can be done to save time when parking a plane in cold conditions
Park on planking to prevent rather than on ice or snow to prevent tires freezing to the ground
Glycol painted around frequently opened doors to prevent from frosting
How is the frosting of windows on aircraft prevented
By leaving a window slightly open
When an aircraft’s parked in sandy areas what must be done to protect it
Blanks fitted to prevent ingress and erosion
Extra filtration of air intakes to prevent sand entering
What is knocking
When combustion of air/fuel mixture does not start of correctly in response to ignition to spark plug
