7. Surgical oncology (basic principles of diagnosis) Flashcards
Diagnostic procedure
Risk assessment -> screening -> biopsy -> diagnosis
Main biopsy types
FNAB
Core biopsy (prostate, breast and liver mainly)
Excisional biopsy - complete lesion removal
Imaging types
- US
- X-ray
- Contrast CT
- MRI
- PET
Laboratory evaluations
- Complete blood count
- Electrolyte panel
- Liver enzymes
- Tumour markers
Some tumor markers
hCG - 90% of all choriocarcinomas
a-Fetoprotein (AFP) - hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sack tumors, teratomas
PSA - prostate cancer, the only tissue specific marker
Calcitonin - medullary thyroid cancer
AFP + hCG = testicular germ cell cancers
Paraneoplastic syndromes: small cell carcinoma of the lung hormone production
ACTH
Paraneoplastic syndromes: Carcinoid tumours hormone production
Lipotropin
Pancreatic islet cell tumours hormone production
Vasopressin
Malignant epithelial thymomas hormone production
Calcitonin, PTH, gastrin, insulin, glucagon
Lung epidermoid tumours hormone production
Calcitonin, PTH
Adenocarcinomas hormone production
GH, glucagon
Breast cancers hormone production
hcG, HPL, calcitonin, PTH, ACTH
TNM staging
Tumor
Node (lymph)
Metastasis
Sentinel node biopsy
- first node that cancer spreads to
- Biopsy can obtain information of original tumor
- Removal of sentinel lymph node can be theurapautic in certain cancers
Technique for evaluation of i.e gastric, pancreatic cancer
Laparoscopy
