7. Psychosocial Theories Flashcards
explain the development of mental disorders and their effects on behaviors and relationships
psychodynamic theories
3 types of psychodynamic theories
- psychoanalytic models
- interpersonal theory
- humanistic theories
who created the psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud
2 main parts of the mind accourding to Freud
- conscious
- unconscious
- part in between the 2 called the preconscious
contains all the thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes we are aware of at any given moment
conscious
reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are out of our awareness; contains content that is unacceptable or unpleasant
unconscious
takes memories from the unconscious and takes it the conscious
preconscious
How does Freud believe the unconscious is accessed?
through dreams
3 parts of personality by Freud
- id
- ego
- super ego
present at birth and formed by unconscious; satisfies basic needs and desires (includes sexual and aggressive tendencies); operates on pleasant principle (needs should be resolved immediately) or will cause tension
id
deals with reality and tries to meet desires of id in a way that is socially acceptable; delays gratification and helps get rid of tension the id feels; recognizes other people have needs and wants too
ego
based on morals and judgements about right and wrong rather than fulfilling desires or what is socially acceptable
super ego
therapeutic process of assessing unconscious conflicts that occur in childhood and resolve the issues with a mature adult mind -> brought from unconscious to conscious
psychoanalysis
stress the importance of human relationships; instincts and drives are less important
interpersonal theory
who created the interpersonal theory
Harry Stack Sullivan
characteristics of interpersonal theory
- social experiences shape personality
- interpersonal relations are the basis for human development and behavior
who created the idea of client-centered therapy
Carl Rogers
what type of environment is client-centered therapy
a place that provides empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness
levels of Maslow’s hierarchy
- physiologic and survival
- safety and security
- love and belonging
- self-esteem
- self-actualization
3 types of cognitive-behavioral theories
- stimulus-response theories (classical conditioning - Pavlov)
- reinforcement theories (B.F. Skinner)
- cognitive theories (thought distortions - Aaron Beck)
behavior followed by a positive consequence is likely to be repeated while behavior followed by a negative consequence is not likely to be repeated
operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner)
focuses on the way people think and how their thoughts affect them
cognitive theories (Aaron Beck)
how are behavioral theories applied in nursing practice?
- widespread use of theories in practice
- patient education interventions usually based off theories
- Ex. inpatient psych may have privilege systems and token economies
who created 8 stages of psychosocial development arranged by age
Erik Erikson
if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
Trust vs Mistrust
toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves or they doubt their abilities
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent
Initiative vs Guilt
children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior
Industry vs Inferiority
teenagers work a refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity or they become confused about who they are
Identity vs Confusion
young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love or they feel socially isolated
Intimacy vs Isolation
Middle-aged adults discover a sense of contributing to the world usually through family or work or they may feel a lack of purpose
Generativity vs Stagnation
when reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
Integrity vs Despair
interpersonal and social interactions of a family that occur over the life of that family
family dynamics
what is the core of nursing practice according to Hildegard Peplau
the nurse-patient relationship (3 phases)
Peplau believed this is energy that arises when expectations are not met
anxiety
who focused on the power of empathy and empathic linkage
Hildegard Peplau
Peplau believed this is an anti-anxiety system and a product of socialization
self-system
describe the self-system
- person creates perceptions of themselves through experiences
- good me: created through rewards and causes less anxiety
- bad me: created through punishment and causes more anxiety
