7. Psychosocial Theories

Question 1

explain the development of mental disorders and their effects on behaviors and relationships

Answer 1

psychodynamic theories

Question 2

3 types of psychodynamic theories

Answer 2

• psychoanalytic models
• interpersonal theory
• humanistic theories

Question 3

who created the psychoanalytic theory

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud

Question 4

2 main parts of the mind accourding to Freud

Answer 4

• conscious
• unconscious
• part in between the 2 called the preconscious

Question 5

contains all the thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes we are aware of at any given moment

Answer 5

conscious

Question 6

reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are out of our awareness; contains content that is unacceptable or unpleasant

Answer 6

unconscious

Question 7

takes memories from the unconscious and takes it the conscious

Answer 7

preconscious

Question 8

How does Freud believe the unconscious is accessed?

Answer 8

through dreams

Question 9

3 parts of personality by Freud

Answer 9

• id
• ego
• super ego

Question 10

present at birth and formed by unconscious; satisfies basic needs and desires (includes sexual and aggressive tendencies); operates on pleasant principle (needs should be resolved immediately) or will cause tension

Answer 10

id

Question 11

deals with reality and tries to meet desires of id in a way that is socially acceptable; delays gratification and helps get rid of tension the id feels; recognizes other people have needs and wants too

Answer 11

ego

Question 12

based on morals and judgements about right and wrong rather than fulfilling desires or what is socially acceptable

Answer 12

super ego

Question 13

therapeutic process of assessing unconscious conflicts that occur in childhood and resolve the issues with a mature adult mind -> brought from unconscious to conscious

Answer 13

psychoanalysis

Question 14

stress the importance of human relationships; instincts and drives are less important

Answer 14

interpersonal theory

Question 15

who created the interpersonal theory

Answer 15

Harry Stack Sullivan

Question 16

characteristics of interpersonal theory

Answer 16

• social experiences shape personality

- interpersonal relations are the basis for human development and behavior

Question 17

who created the idea of client-centered therapy

Answer 17

Carl Rogers

Question 18

what type of environment is client-centered therapy

Answer 18

a place that provides empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness

Question 19

levels of Maslow’s hierarchy

Answer 19

• physiologic and survival
• safety and security
• love and belonging
• self-esteem
• self-actualization

Question 20

3 types of cognitive-behavioral theories

Answer 20

• stimulus-response theories (classical conditioning - Pavlov)
• reinforcement theories (B.F. Skinner)
• cognitive theories (thought distortions - Aaron Beck)

Question 21

behavior followed by a positive consequence is likely to be repeated while behavior followed by a negative consequence is not likely to be repeated

Answer 21

operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner)

Question 22

focuses on the way people think and how their thoughts affect them

Answer 22

cognitive theories (Aaron Beck)

Question 23

how are behavioral theories applied in nursing practice?

Answer 23

• widespread use of theories in practice
• patient education interventions usually based off theories
• Ex. inpatient psych may have privilege systems and token economies

Question 24

who created 8 stages of psychosocial development arranged by age

Answer 24

Erik Erikson

Question 25

if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

Answer 25

Trust vs Mistrust

Question 26

toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves or they doubt their abilities

Answer 26

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

Question 27

preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

Answer 27

Initiative vs Guilt

Question 28

children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior

Answer 28

Industry vs Inferiority

Question 29

teenagers work a refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity or they become confused about who they are

Answer 29

Identity vs Confusion

Question 30

young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love or they feel socially isolated

Answer 30

Intimacy vs Isolation

Question 31

Middle-aged adults discover a sense of contributing to the world usually through family or work or they may feel a lack of purpose

Answer 31

Generativity vs Stagnation

Question 32

when reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

Answer 32

Integrity vs Despair

Question 33

interpersonal and social interactions of a family that occur over the life of that family

Answer 33

family dynamics

Question 34

what is the core of nursing practice according to Hildegard Peplau

Answer 34

the nurse-patient relationship (3 phases)

Question 35

Peplau believed this is energy that arises when expectations are not met

Answer 35

anxiety

Question 36

who focused on the power of empathy and empathic linkage

Answer 36

Hildegard Peplau

Question 37

Peplau believed this is an anti-anxiety system and a product of socialization

Answer 37

self-system

Question 38

describe the self-system

Answer 38

• person creates perceptions of themselves through experiences
• good me: created through rewards and causes less anxiety
• bad me: created through punishment and causes more anxiety