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Neurology-Week 4 & 5 > 7. Nutrition > Flashcards

7. Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Most commonly used Dietary Reference Intake guideline

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

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2
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins (4 total)

A

A, D, E and K

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3
Q

Fat malabsorption will result in someone being more prone to a deficiency in what vitamins

A

Vitamins A, D, E and K

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4
Q

Functions of Vitamin A

A

Vision
Epithelium (skin, GI tract)
Immunity
Repoductive

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5
Q

Sources of Vitamin A (2 total)

A

Retinoids (animal sources: eggs, dairy)

Carotenoids (yellow/red fruits and veggies, dark leafy greens)

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6
Q

Stores of Vitamin A are mostly in the __________

A

Liver (3 week stores)

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7
Q

The liver has about how many weeks’ worth of Vitamin A stores

A

3 weeks (will see precipitous drop in liver and plasma levels soon after)

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8
Q

Signs of Vitamin A deficiency (hint: think about what vitamin A is used for)

A

Generally skin and eye issues

Dermatology: dry, scaly keratinized skin
Ocular: night blindness, constriction of optic nerve and Bitot’s spots

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9
Q

Signs of Vitamin A toxicity

A

Dry itchy skin
Conjunctivitis
Cirrhosis
Orange skin

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10
Q

Sources of Vitamin D

A

UV light on skin
fish
egg yolk
fortified milk and OJ

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11
Q

__________________________ is converted in the skin via UV light into Vitamin D3

A

7-Dehydrocholesterol

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12
Q

Function of Vitamin D

A

Calcium transport (bone health)
Immune regulation
Cell proliferation

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13
Q

Signs of Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets (children)

Osteomalacia (adults)

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14
Q

What level of Vitamin D indicated severe deficiency

A

<10 ng/mL

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15
Q

What makes someone more prone to Vitamin D deficiency

A 
Exclusively breastfed infants
Milk allergies
AA children
>50 yo
Limited sun exposure
Strict vegetarians
Fat malabsorptive
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16
Q

Sources of Vitamin E

A

Vegatable oils
Nuts
Leafy greens
Fortified cereals

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17
Q

Function of Vitamin E

A

Potent antioxidant

DNA repair

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18
Q

type of Vitamin E that has the highest activity and dominant plasma form

A

a-tocopherol

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19
Q

type of Vitamin E that is the dominant dietary form

A

y-tocopherol

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20
Q

Vitamin E:

a-tocopherol vs. y-tocopherol

A

a: highest activity and dominant plasma form
y: dominant dietary form

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21
Q

Signs of Vitamin E deficiency

A

very rare

nerve degeneration of hands/feet

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22
Q

Populations at risk for Vitamin E deficiency

A

Fat malabsorptive disorders

Premature/VLBW infants

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23
Q

Signs of Vitamin E toxicity

A

Inc. bleeding and impaired blood coagulation

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24
Q

Sources of Vitamin K

A 
Dark leafy greens
GI microflora (large intestine)
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25
Q

Functions of Vitamin K

A

Blood coagulation

Bone health

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26
Q

Signs of Vitamin K deficiency

A 
Blood coagulation (bleeding, bruising, etc.)
Reduced bone density
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27
Q

Common risk factors for fat soluble vitamin deficiencies

A

Fat malabsorptive disorders

Alcoholics

28
Q

Newborns are frequently deficient in vitamin __________, thus they all receive injections at birth

A

K

29
Q

Signs of Vitamin K toxicity

A

Dec. effectiveness of anticoagulants (Warfarin) (overwhelm anticoagulants)

30
Q

Examples of Water Soluble Vitamins

A

B and C

31
Q

Sources of Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

A

Fortified grains

32
Q

Functions of Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

A

Coenzyme for metabolism

33
Q

Vitamin B1 is also known as…

A

Thiamin

34
Q

Signs of Vitamin B1 deficiency (Thiamin)

A

Wet beriberi: (cardiovascular) SOB, inc. HR and peripheral edema
Dry beriberi: (nervous) pain, tingling, vomiting, nystagmus, confusion
Wernicke-Korsakoff: encephalopathy and memory disturbances*

35
Q

Vitamin B2 is also known as…

A

Riboflavin

36
Q

Sources of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

A

milk
cheese
eggs

37
Q

Function of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

A

Coenzyme (FAD)

38
Q

Signs of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency

A

Mouth sores (ariboflavonosis)

39
Q

Other name for Vitamin B3

A

Niacin

40
Q

Sources of Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

A

Meat
Fish
Poultry
Enriched grains

41
Q

Functions of Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

A

Coenzyme (oxidation reactions: NAD, NADP)

42
Q

Which vitamin is used as a coenzyme for OXIDATION reactions

A

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

43
Q

Signs of Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency

A

Pellagra (4 D’s: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death)

44
Q

What are the 4 D’s associated with Vitamin B3 deficiency

A

Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death

45
Q

Other name for Vitamin B5

A

Pantothenic Acid

46
Q

Which water soluble vitamin can you almost NEVER have a deficiency (present in nearly all foods)

A

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

47
Q

Function of Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

A

Coenzyme A (carrier of small carbon groups in energy metabolism)

48
Q

Names for the various Vitamin B’s

A

B1: Thiamin
B2: Riboflavin
B3: Niacin
B5: Pantothenic Acid

49
Q

Sources of Vitamins B6/12 and Folic acid

A 
Meat
Fish
Poultry
Milk
Green veggies (spinach, asparagus, lima beans)
50
Q

Functions of Vitamin B6/12 and Folic acid

A 
RBC metabolism
Nerve cells
Gluconeogenesis
Lipid metabolism*
DNA synthesis*

*rapid cell division and growth

51
Q

Signs of Vitamin B6/12 or Folate deficiency

A

Dermatitis
Convulsions
Peripheral degeneration
Megaloblastic anemia (B12 and folate)

52
Q

Folic acid can correct megaloblastic anemia and nerve damage in B12 deficiency (True or False)

A

False: can only correct megaloblastic anemia

53
Q

Signs of Vitamin B6/12 and Folate toxicity

A

Neuropathy (B6)

54
Q

Sources of Vitamin C

A

Fruits (citrus, strawberries, cantaloupe)

55
Q

Functions of Vitamin C

A

Antioxidant

Co-factor for collagen enzymes

56
Q

Signs of Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy (bruising, gum, dental problems and corkscrew hairs)

57
Q

Causes of Vitamin C deficiency

A

Inadequate intake

Exposure to secondhand smoke (need to repair damage from free radicals)

58
Q

Which vitamin deficiency can be caused by exposure to secondhand smoke

A

Vitamin C (free radicals call for increased antioxidants, like vitamin C)

59
Q

Sources of Iodine

A

Iodized salt

Seafood

60
Q

Functions of Iodine

A

Thyroid hormone

Prevent goiters

61
Q

Signs of Iodine deficiency

A

Goiter (enlarged thyroid)
Hypothyroidism
Cretinism

62
Q

Signs of Iodine toxicity

A

Elevated TSH

63
Q

Sources of Zinc

A

Meat
Seafood
Whole grains

64
Q

Functions of Zinc

A

Enzyme cofactor

65
Q

Signs of Zinc deficiency

A

Retardation/lethargy
Impaired immune function (recurrent infections)
Bullous-pustular dermatitis

Neurology-Week 4 & 5 (14 decks)

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