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Neurology-Week 4 & 5 > 6. Cognitive Disorders-Dementia > Flashcards

6. Cognitive Disorders-Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

Forms of Memory & Anatomical Sites of Brain

  1. Episodic memory –>
  2. Semantic/factual Memory –>
  3. Working memory –>
  4. Emotional Memory –>
  5. Procedural/muscle memory –>
A
  1. Medial temporal (hippocampus)
  2. Medial temporal (initial learning) & Lateral Temporal (long-term storage)
  3. Lateral pre-frontal cortex
  4. Amygdala
  5. Corticostriatal & cerebellum
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2
Q

Acute change in mental status (confusion, disrupted sleep/wake cycle, inattention) usually secondary to surgery, medications/polypharmacy, age, etc.

A

Delirium (섬망)

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3
Q

Type of Cognitive Disorder; an ACQUIRED, persistent and PROGRESSIVE impairment in intellectual function in multiple cognitive domains, usually MEMORY

A

Dementia

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4
Q

Examples of Reversible Dementia

A
  • NPH
  • Hypothyroidism
  • B12 deficiency
  • Neurosyphilis/HIV
  • Benign Tumors
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5
Q

Type of Cognitive Disorder; REVERSIBLE Dementia due to increased CSF pressure W/O affecting subarachnoid space volume; Ventricle dilation on CT

A

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

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6
Q

Classic traid for the symptoms of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

A

Dementia
Gait instability
Urinary incontinence

(“Wacky, wobbly and wet”)

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7
Q

Treatment for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

A

LP

CSF shunt

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8
Q

Type of Neurodegenerative Dementia

A

Alzheimer’s
Lewy Body Dementia
Frontotemporal (“Pick Disease”)

Parkinson
Huntington

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9
Q

What is the central pathology for Neurodegenerative Diseases (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, etc.)

A

Deposition of abnormal proteins leading to neuronal death

amyloid, tau, alpha synuclein

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10
Q

Which protein is associated with Alzheimer’s Dementia

A

B-amyloid

Tau

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11
Q

Which protein is associated with Frontotemporal Dementia (“Pick Disease”) and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

A

Tau

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12
Q

Which protein is associated with Lewy Body Dementia and Parkinson’s disease?

A

Synuclein protein

Lewy Body

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13
Q

Type of Cognitive Disorder; Neurodegenerative Dementia; MOST COMMON; short term memory loss with many cortical deficits (language, praxis, etc.); atrophy of most lobes of the brain (Occipital usually spared); associated with deposition of “senile plaques” (B-amyloid) and “neurofibrillary tangles” (tau protein)

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

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14
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease usually involves atrophy of all cerebral lobes EXCEPT…

A

Occipital (usually spared)

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15
Q

Type of Cognitive Disorder; Neurodegenerative Dementia; SECOND most common cause of dementia; cognitive impairment, hallucinations, Parkinsonism (movement); brain is NOT as atrophic, but has Lewy bodies (synuclein protein) in cortex, limbic system, and brainstem

A

Lewy Body Dementia

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16
Q

How is LBD different than Parkinson’s disease?

A

IN LBD, cognitive symptoms appear first before motor symptoms.

17
Q

Type of Cognitive Disorder; Neurodegenerative Dementia; more atrophy of Frontal and Temporal lobes with marked early PERSONALITY CHANGE more than memory; see Tau-positive bodies and ballooned neurons with dissolution of chromatin

A

Frontotemporal Dementia (aka “Pick Disease”)

18
Q

Histological finding for Frontotemporal Dementia (aka “Pick Disease”)

A

Pick bodies with Tau protein and ballooned neurons with dissolution of chromatin

19
Q

what cerebral lobe is spared in frontotemporal dementia?

A

Parietal lobe

20
Q

Types of NON-degenerative Dementia

A

Vascular
Alcoholic
CJD

21
Q

Type of Cognitive Disorder; NON-Degenerative Dementia; STEP-WISE DECLINE
caused by CVD such as numerous microinfarcts

A

Vascular Dementia

22
Q

Type of Cognitive Disorder; NON-Degenerative Dementia; due to the direct toxicity of chronic alcohol exposures to neurons; associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (thiamine deficiency)

A

Alcoholic Dementia

23
Q

Encephalopathy associated with chronic alcohol consumption resulting in thiamine deficiency; initially presents with Wernicke encephalopathy (confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia) and then may progress to Korsakoff syndrome (irreversible memory loss, confabulation, personality change); ALWAYS involves lesions in the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

24
Q

Brain part that is associated with recolletive memory

A

mammillary bodies

25
Q

Vitamin deficient in Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

Thiamine (B1)

26
Q

Classic Triad of Wernicke Encephalopathy

A
  • confusion
  • opthalmoplegia (eye paralysis)
  • ataxia
27
Q

Permanent/Irreversible memory loss that is out of proportion to other cognitive dysfx, CONFABULATION (made-up stories), personality change caused by thiamine deficiency due to chronic alcohol misuse

A

Korsakoff Syndrome

28
Q

Type of Cognitive Disorder; NON-Degenerative Dementia; Prion disease with infectious particles that cause dementia, myoclonus (jerk movement) and ataxia; spongiform cortex (vacuolization); histological findings of prions; EEG shows periodic sharp waves

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

29
Q

A type of CJD caused by consumption of meat products contaminated by BSE prions

A

Variant CJD (mad cow disease)

30
Q

Examples of static encephalopathy

A

Concussion

Chronic Trauma Encephalopathy

31
Q

Post-traumatic cognitive impairment with reversible functional disturbance without structural damage to the brain; is a spectrum from being dazed to persistent neurological abnormalities and potentially Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy; associated with AXONAL stretching and excitotoxic cascade due to release of glutamate

A

Concussion

32
Q

Syndrome that follows after years of continuous concussions (especially in athletes); can lead to full blown dementia and Parkinsonism; shows atrophy and thinning of the Corpus Callosum; can see Tau deposition in neurons

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

33
Q

What protein deposition is associated with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy?

A

Neurofibrillary Tangles (Tau protein)

Neurology-Week 4 & 5 (14 decks)

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