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401 - Toxicology, Drug Abuse, Pharmacology > 7: Mechanisms of Cell Death and Tissue Repair > Flashcards

7: Mechanisms of Cell Death and Tissue Repair Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis is when a cell is at

A

optimal function, meeting physiological demands

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2
Q

reversible changes in response to cell’s environment/ stressors

A

adaptation

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3
Q

_____ happens when cells can not adapt or are at the max adaptive response to stimuli

A

cell injury

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4
Q

factors affecting cell injury include

A

nature/ duration/ severity + cell type/ adaptation + activation of multiple mechanisms

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5
Q

list the 6 mechanisms of cell injury

A

mitochondrial damage
abnormal calcium homeostasis
DNA damage
membrane damage
ER stress
oxidative stress

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6
Q

describe why mitochondrial damage causes cell injury

A

essential for survival by producing ATP, but is also a major source of reactive oxygen species production + activates cell death pathways (apoptosis, autophagy, etc)

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7
Q

describe why abnormal calcium homeostasis causes cell injury

A

increased Ca activates Ca dependent enzyme degradation

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8
Q

describe how ER stress causes cell injury

A

releases Ca stores, misfolded proteins

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9
Q

chemical injury directly targets

A

organelles

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10
Q

chemical injury requires __________ activation and often trigger an _____ response

A

metabolic activation
inflammatory response

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11
Q

chemical injury is
1. selective, not based on kinetics
2. nonselective, not based on kinetics
3. nonselective, based on kinetics
4. selective, based on kinetics

A

4

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12
Q

cellular damage occurs when __________are overwhelmed = damage to membrane, mitochondria, ER, DNA, proteins

A

antioxidant systems

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13
Q

hypoxia

A

tissues are starved of oxygen- 1-2% oxygen

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14
Q

ischemia

A

blood flow is cut off to tissues (no blood/ oxygen delivered but also no removal of metabolic wastes)

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15
Q

mild ischemic/ hypoxic injury is reversible if

A

tissue oxygen supply is restored

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16
Q

anoxia is

A

0% oxygen left

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17
Q

reversible cell injury is _______ insult or ______ duration

A

milder
shorter

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18
Q

describethe hibdernating myocardium

A

Delayed return to function once regional flow reestablished because muscle was hibernating to try to survive longer

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19
Q

loss of blood flow and oxygen results in (series after ATP drops)

A

↓ ATP results in
↓ ion pumps (no ATP to drive pumps Na/K levels change = cell swelling
↑ glycolysis (from ↓ oxphos)
↓pH (lactic acid production), disruption of synthesis/ storage

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20
Q

loss of blood flow and oxygen for too long =

A

membrane injury, calcium influx activates enzymes to break down cell = lysosomal breakdown of organelles/ proteins = autodigestion = protein markers released

21
Q

the point at which the cell becomes unable to recover its normal morphology and function even if all processes leading to its dissolution stopped

A

cell death

22
Q

what is programmed cell death

A

a active process that depends on the execution of a defined sequence of signaling events
Dependent on genetic encoded signals or activities
Not the same as apoptosis

23
Q

what are the 3 distinct routes of cellular catabolism

A

apoptosis
autophagy
necrosis

24
Q

accidental necrosis is a _________ process

A

passive
energy independent

25
Q

give 4 characteristics of accidental necrosis

A

Pathological (following noxious stimuli)
Occurs synchronously in multiple cells of a tissue region
Early loss of membrane integrity
Generalized cell and nuclear swelling
Nuclear chromatin disintegration
Inflammatory reactions (triggered as membrane dies)
Energy independent (dramatic irreversible drop in ATP)
Historically regarded as unregulated cell death

26
Q

4 morphological descriptions of necrosis

A

coagulative/ infarct
liquefactive
fatty
caseous

27
Q

describe coagulative/ infarct necrosis

A

Infarction- necrosis caused by ischemia or anoxia (heart attack/ stroke)
Tissue shows red staining indicating clot proteins (Ex- fibrin), anoxic injury
Loss of blood supply

28
Q

describe liquefactive necrosis

A

Death of tissue releases many lytic enzymes = degrades surrounding tissues
Fluid remains following digestion of necrotic tissue

29
Q

describe fatty necrosis

A

Pancreas release of enzymes = lipase digests fat = produces soaps microscopically(saponification)
Loss of cellular membrane
Necrotic fat cells
Release of fatty acids combined with minerals

30
Q

describe caseous necrosis

A

Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis
Granulomas (cluster of WBCs) as a result of immune response

31
Q

apoptosis is critical in the

A

maintenace of normal organ and tissue homeostasis

sculpting development and maintaining normal function

32
Q

apoptosis is a ______ process

A

active

33
Q

apoptosis is _____ controlled

A

geneticallly

34
Q

which evokes less inflammatory response, necrosis or apoptosis

A

apoptosis

35
Q

autophay is

A

Self digestive process to remove damaged proteins/ organelles by fusing with lysosomes for digestion

36
Q

which does not display chromatin condensation
1. ncrosis
2. apoptosis
3. autophagy

A

3

37
Q

autophagy is caspase ____ (dep/ indep)

A

independent

38
Q

3 major categories of autophagy

A

macroautophagy
microautophagy
chaperone mediated autophagy

39
Q

macroautophay is the

A

fusion of autophagosome with lysosome → degradation in lysosome → efflux of metabolites

40
Q

microautophay is

A

specific type of organelle (may be damaged) is sequestered into lysosome for degradation

41
Q

chaperone mediated autophagy is

A

uses specific proteins (LAMP-2A, Hsp70 chaperone) to target specific motif on proteins → translocates to lysosome → degradation → efflux

42
Q

autophahy is often associated with

A

cell survival

43
Q

autophagy is triggered by

A

nutrient deprivation- enables cells to restore sufficient energy levels + promotes viability

44
Q

in early stages after cell death, debris is cleaned up by __________ that accumulate over ______. this process begins within ______

A

cleaned up by phagocytes that accumulate over few days
starts within minutes

45
Q

in early tissue repair, tissue ____ begins to repair, there is new _______ to provide ________ , also known as

A

tissue scaffold
new blood supply
granulation tissue

46
Q

when does early tissue repair start happening

A

several days post injury

47
Q

in late tissue repair, ____ proliferate and synthesize collagen

A

fibroblasts

48
Q

3 responses to abnormal physiologic stress

A

tissue adaptations
metabolic responses
growth responses

401 - Toxicology, Drug Abuse, Pharmacology (32 decks)

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