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401 - Toxicology, Drug Abuse, Pharmacology > 28: Radiation Toxicity > Flashcards

28: Radiation Toxicity Flashcards

1
Q

what is alpha decay

A

parent isotope losing 4 mass and 2 atomic number
2p+2n with double positive charge

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2
Q

alpha particle decay occurs only for radionuclides with Z

A

> 83

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3
Q

the alpha particle has a kinetic energy between ______ and is _____ for a particular radionuclide decay

A

between 4-8MeV
monoenergetic for a particular radionuclide decay

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4
Q

the biological hazard from alpha particles is due to their ________ kinetic energy and ___ positive charge

A

high
double

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5
Q

alpha particles are (select below)
1. large
2. small
3. penetrating
4. not very penetrating
5. easily absorbed
6. not very easily absorbed

A

1, 4, 5

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6
Q

what drug undergoes alpha decay (2)

A

XOFIGO (radium Ra 223 dichloride)
Bi-DOTATOC

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7
Q

what is the indication for XOFIGO

A

castration resistant prostate cancer

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8
Q

ZOFIGO MOA

A

alpha emitter, Ra mimics Ca, taken up into bone to target bone metastesis

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9
Q

XOFIGO’s _____, ____, and ________ minimizes toxicity

A

specificity, elimination, short half life

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10
Q

Bi-DOTATOC indication

A

neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases

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11
Q

_______ emitter drugs prevent normal cells getting caught in crossfire

A

alpha

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12
Q

beta particle decay is characteristic for ________ with ____________

A

unstable nuclides with excess of neutrons (neutron rich species)

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13
Q

in the beta particle decay process, the ______ spontaneously converts to a ______________ and _________. the _________ remains in the nucleus while the _______ is ejected

A

neutron
proton and beta particle
proton remains
beta particle ejected

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14
Q

the emitted particle in beta particle decay is identical to an

A

electron

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15
Q

how does A, Z, and N change in beta decay

A

A same
Z + 1
N-1

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16
Q

what drug undergoes beta decay (3)

A

iodine-131
lobenguane
lutetium-177

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17
Q

iodine-131 is used for

A

dx and tx of thyroid cancer, hyperthyroidism, thyroid carcinoma

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18
Q

lobenguane is used for

A

adrenal gland tumors

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19
Q

lutetium-177 targets

A

somatostatin receptors expressed on gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

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20
Q

positron decay emits a particle identical to ______ but _______

A

identical to electron but + charge

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21
Q

positron decay is characteristic for unstable radionuclides with ________

A

excess of protons in the nucleus (proton rich or neutron poor)

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22
Q

in positron decay, a _______ converts to a _____ and a _______ is ejected

A

proton converted to a neutron and a positron (+ beta particle) is ejected

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23
Q

how do A, Z, N change in positron decay

A

A same
Z-1
N+1

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24
Q

what is the primary decay mechanism of technetium radiopharmaceuticals

A

isomeric transition

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25
Q

the excited state of radionuclides is called __________ and is indicated by a _______

A

metastable
superscripted m

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26
Q

when metastable states go to ground state, they release of energy in the form of a _____

A

gamma ray

27
Q

what is the decay process where metastable states release energy in the form of gamma rays to go down to ground state

A

isomeric transition

28
Q

the metastable species _____ is an important medical imaging radionuclide which decays by isomeric transition

A

99-mTc

29
Q

T or F: 99-mTc can be built into many molecules to allow for imaging different organs

A

T

30
Q

alpha particles cause _____ of targets and produces ________

A

ionization
ion pair

31
Q

which of the following is true about beta particles
1. they have the same energy as gamma rays]
2. they do not travel in a straight line
3. they travel further than alpha particles
4. they cause an antimatter + matter reaction
5. all of the above are true
6. 2, 3, 4 are true

A

6

Antimatter/mater rxn explanation:
B+ particle –> rxn takes placein pET imaging. B+ interacts with e-, annihilate each other and release E which produces GAMMA RAYS (why PET imaging can be used, cuz you’re looking at gamma rays).

32
Q

positrons from internally targeted radioactive drugs are detected via ________ by specialized cameras to give 3D pet images

A

their gamma rays

33
Q

_______ are very penetrating = main reason that lead and other dense shielding is used where radiopharmaceuticals are prepared or used

A

photons - gamma rays

34
Q

_____ emission can occur during decay modes

A

photon

35
Q

photons are _____energetic

A

mono

36
Q

_______ and _________ have the same character as light, UV, and IR radiation but have higher energies

A

gamma rays and x rays

37
Q

gamma rays are ___ path length, ____ specific ionization

A

long
low

38
Q

radiocontrast media + xrays =

  • What is radiocontrast media?
A

positive contrast media
attenuate X rays more than body tissues
iodinated copounds

  • radiocontrast media: is when you get molecuels of the target tisseu to absorb the radiation so can image.
39
Q

the higher a relative osmolality of iodinated contrast media =

A

higher the toxicity

40
Q

what osmolality of iodinated contrast media is best for lowest toxicity

A

iso

41
Q

nonionic dimers are _____ but _________

A

less toxic but more expensive

42
Q

ADRs of iodinated contrast agents

A

non-IgE allergic rxns (but behaves like AN ANAPHYLACTIC RxN - biggest risk is previous exposure and rxn like an IgE mediated allergic rxn) occur more with higher osmolality iodine containing compounds
rate is much lower with lower osmolality

43
Q

biggest risk of an ADR from iodinated contrast agents is

A

previous exposure and reaction

44
Q

radiation safety can be assessed by determining factors such as

A

exposure and dose

45
Q

the newer unit of an absorbed dose is

A

the gray (Gy)

46
Q

1Gy = __ joule/ kilogram = ___ rad

A

1 joule/ kilo = 100 rad

47
Q

T or F; the # of Gy reflects the actual damage caused by radiation

A

F- the different types of radiation have different capacity to cause damage even thought he energy absorbed is the same

48
Q

relative hazard of radiation is related to ________ and ________

A

specific ionization (ion pairs produced per unit path length) and linear energy transfer (LET)

49
Q
  • What is the unit we use to measure the damaging effects of a radioactive molecule on humans?

1 Sv =?

  • what is the Weighting Ratio of gamma rays and beta particles?
  • what abouyt for alpha partilces?
A
  • use the Sievert (Sv). Sievert unit= IMP MORE IN pop/public/Occupational health.

1 Sv= 1Gy x WR

  • 1, 20.
    MOST times, the WR is just 1.
50
Q

the relative damaging potential of radioactive emissions is defined by ____ or _____

A

quality factor (Q) or weighing factor (WR)

51
Q

the radiation equivalent dose is measured by

A

sieverts

52
Q

list 3 cells that are highly radiosensitive

A

mature lymphocytes
erythroblasts
some spermatogonia
(rapidly dividng cells)

53
Q

list 3 cells that are highly radioresistant

A

fibrocytes, chondrocytes, muscle cells, nerve cells (slowly dividing cells)

54
Q

the brain spinal chord could be considered _______radiosensitive

A

low

55
Q

high doses of radiation acuses

A

acute radiation sickness

56
Q

AEs from lower doses of radiation =

A

cancer (leukemia), shortened life span

57
Q

1Gy = 1 ________

A

joule absorbed energy/ Kg

58
Q

2-7Gy sees

A

hematopoietic sx, damage of bone marrow, infections as main issue

59
Q

7-15 Gy sees

A

Gi sx, death after 5-10 days , GI mucosa destroyed

60
Q

50 Gy sees

A

CNS sx, death in minutes to 48h, due to neurologic and CV degeneration

61
Q

survivors rare rare at doses over ___Gy

A

5`
all survivors increased risk of leukemia
cancer latent period usually <15yrs

62
Q

what is considered the LD50 of radiation in humans?

A

5Gy

63
Q

list 3 sx of radiation sickness sx

A

N/V/D, HA, fever, dizziness and disorientation, weakness and fatigue, hair loss, bloody vomit and stools from internal bleeding, infections, low BP

64
Q

list the 4 tx for radiation sickness

A

G-CSF (filgrastim)- bone marrow
blood transfusion
KI- outcompete radioactive I
metal chelators (prussian blue, DTPA)

401 - Toxicology, Drug Abuse, Pharmacology (32 decks)

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