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7 mass transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe the structure of haemoglobin

A

quaternary structure
4 sub units containing a haem group

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2
Q

what can each haem group do on a haemoglobin molecule?

A

combine with one molecule of oxygen

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3
Q

what is oxyhaemoglobin?

A

haemoglobin that is associated with oxygen

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4
Q

what is deoxyhaemaglobin?

A

haemoglobin that is dissociated with oxygen

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5
Q

how do you calculate percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen?

A

oxygenated haemoglobin / maximum saturation x100

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6
Q

define partial pressure of oxygen

A

the amount of oxygen in a mixture of gases

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7
Q

what does affinity mean?

A

a natural attraction

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8
Q

why does a high ppCO2 cause a lower affinity to O2?

A

CO2 makes blood acidic which lowers the pH and changes Hb tertiary structure

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9
Q

what is the role of Hb?

A

to transport oxygen

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10
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart called?

A

right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

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11
Q

what are the 4 main vessels called in the heart?

A

vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
aorta

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12
Q

do veins carry blood in or out of the heart?

A

in

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13
Q

what are the 2 valves called?

A

semi lunar
atrio ventricular

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14
Q

when do semi lunar valves open?

A

when there is a greater pressure in the ventricle

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15
Q

when do valves open?

A

when pressure is higher behind valve

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16
Q

why do valves open and close?

A

to prevent back flow of blood

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17
Q

what does the septum do in the heart?

A

separate deoxygenated and oxygenated blood

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18
Q

what are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

atrial systole
ventricular systole
diastole

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19
Q

what do systole and diastole mean?

A

systole- contraction of heart muscle
diastole- relaxed heart muscle

20
Q

what is the activity of the heart measured as?

A

cardiac output

21
Q

define cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle per minute

22
Q

what are four risk factors of coronary heart disease?

A

high cholesterol
high lipid diet
lack of exercise
smoking

23
Q

what is the structure of an artery?

A

endothelial layer: thin to reduce friction
elastic layer: thick
outer layer: made of fibrous proteins for strength

24
Q

what is the structure of a capillary?

A

only has single endothelial layer

25
Q

what is the structure of veins?

A

muscle layer thinner than artery
elastic layer thin

26
Q

how is tissue fluid formed?

A
  1. high hydrostatic pressure
  2. forces fluid out
  3. large proteins remain in capillary
27
Q

how is tissue fluid returned to the circulatory system?

A
  1. lowers water potential in blood
  2. due to proteins
  3. water enters blood by osmosis
28
Q

where does the rest of the tissue fluid go when it doesn’t reabsorb by osmosis?

A

lymph nodes

29
Q

what factors affect transpiration?

A

light
temp
humidity
air movement

30
Q

how does light affect transpiration?

A

stomata open in light close in dark

31
Q

how does temperature affect transpiration?

A

hotter- more kinetic energy and H2O evaporates faster

32
Q

how does humidity affect transpiration?

A

more water vapour in air = water potential more positive
reduces water potential gradient

33
Q

how does air movement affect transpiration?

A

more windy = moves water vapour away from stomata pores

34
Q

what does the xylem transport?

A

water

35
Q

what does the phloem transport?

A

sugars and organic substances

36
Q

here does the xylem transport water to and from?

A

roots to leaves

37
Q

where does the phloem transport sugars to and from?

A

leaves to roots/flowers/shoots

38
Q

give 3 adaptations of the xylem

A
  1. dead hollow tubes- allowed easier water flow
  2. contain lignin- allow the xylem to be rigid and withstand tension
  3. xylem pits- enable water to move between xylem vessels
39
Q

explain transpiration

A

stomata open
water diffuses from air spaces to outside the leaf
loss of water from leaf = transpiration

40
Q

explain how water enters the xylem from the endodermis

A
  1. active transport of ions into xylem
  2. lowers water potential in xylem
  3. so water can enter by osmosis
41
Q

explain how water is transported to the leaves through the xylem

A
  1. evaporation from leaves
  2. creates tension (pulling force) due to negative pressure
  3. H bonds form between H2O molecules (tension)
  4. water molecules bind to xylem (adhesion)
  5. creates a continuous column of water
  6. transpiration stream
42
Q

what are solutes?

A

dissolved substances

43
Q

does the xylem require ATP to transport water?

A

no

44
Q

what is beside every sieve tube element in a phloem?

A

companion cell

45
Q

why is there a companion cell next to every sieve tube element?

A

contain many mitochondria to synthesise ATP through aerobic respiration for active transport of solutes

46
Q

describe the mass flow hypothesis for translocation in plants

A
  1. in leaf, sugars actively transported into phloem by companion cells
  2. lowers water potential of sieve tube so water enter via osmosis
  3. increased pressure causes mass movement towards root
  4. sugars stored in root for respiration

biology (23 decks)

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