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biology > 11 photosynthesis > Flashcards

11 photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H20 -> 6O2 + C6H12O6

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2
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

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3
Q

what does ATP consist of?

A

ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups, nitrogenous organic base

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4
Q

what are the 2 uses of ATP?

A

phosphorylation
provides energy

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5
Q

what are 2 uses of ATP?

A

provides energy
phosphorylation

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6
Q

what processes can ATP provide energy for?

A

active transport, protein synthesis, muscle contraction

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7
Q

what is phosphorylation?

A

where ATP binds to enzymes/substrates and lowers the Ea or makes more reactive

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8
Q

how does ATP provide energy?

A

when the bond between the second and third phosphate breaks, small manageable amounts of energy is released

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9
Q

why is ATP useful? (6)

A
  1. releases energy in small manageable amounts
  2. phosphorylation
  3. can be made again
  4. broken down in a single step process
  5. makes phosphorylated substances more reactive
  6. energy is rapidly available
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10
Q

what do you call reduced NADP?

A

NADPH

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11
Q

what is NADP?

A

co-enzyme

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12
Q

what is oxidation?

A

loss of e-

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13
Q

what is reduction?

A

gain of e-

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14
Q

is NADPH a reducing or oxidising agent?

A

reducing

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15
Q

what is photoionisation?

A

when light raises the energy level of electrons in chlorophyll

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16
Q

what is photolysis of water?

A

when water is split

17
Q

what is photophosphorylation?

A

add an inorganic phosphate to ADP to make ATP

18
Q

what are the 3 stages that make the light dependent reaction?

A

photoionisation
photolysis
photophosphorylation

19
Q

where does the light dependent reaction take place?

A

grana/thylakoid membrane

20
Q

what is formed in the light dependent reaction?

A

ATP and NADPH

21
Q

what happens when chlorophyll absorbs the light energy from photons?

A

it excites the electrons to a higher energy level

22
Q

when the electrons are transported down the electron transport chain, how do they lose energy?

A

they provide the energy to pump H+ into thylakoid space

23
Q

what is made when H+ is pumped into the thylakoid space?

A

proton gradient

24
Q

what is photolysis?

A

water splitting into O2 H+ and electrons
2H2O -> O2 + 4H+ + 4e-

25
Q

what is photoionisation?

A

chlorophyll absorbs light energy which excites the electrons to a higher energy level causing them to be removed from the chlorophyll

26
Q

where do the electrons go when they are removed from the chlorophyll?

A

electron transport chain

27
Q

what do the excited electrons do in the ETC?

A

release energy to form a proton gradient

28
Q

what is the chemiosmotic theory?

A

where the excited electrons move across the ETC pumping H+ into the thylakoid space
which causes a proton gradient
H+ then diffuse through ATP synthase creating ATP
NADPH formed from NADP H+ and e-

29
Q

what is photophosphorylation?

A

H+ diffusing through ATP synthase to create ATP and NADPH

30
Q

where does the light independent reaction occur?

A

stroma of chloroplast

31
Q

what are the 3 phases of the LIR?

A

fixation
reduction
regeneration

32
Q

explain carbon fixation

A

RuBP combines with atmospheric CO2 to form 2 x GP
reaction catalysed by enzyme rubisco

33
Q

explain reduction as a LIR phase

A

2 x GP reduced into 2 x triose phosphate
requiring H from NADPH and energy from ATP

34
Q

explain regeneration

A

most of triose phosphate is used to regenerate RuBP

35
Q

what is the remaining triose phophate used to make?

A

glucose (calvin cycle x6)

36
Q

what 3 factors photosynthesis?

A

temperature
CO2 concentration
light intensity and wavelength

37
Q

why does temperature affect the photosynthesis?

A

enzyme rubisco may denature

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