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biology > 11 photosynthesis > Flashcards

11 photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H20 -> 6O2 + C6H12O6

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2
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

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3
Q

what does ATP consist of?

A

ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups, nitrogenous organic base

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4
Q

what are the 2 uses of ATP?

A

phosphorylation
provides energy

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5
Q

what are 2 uses of ATP?

A

provides energy
phosphorylation

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6
Q

what processes can ATP provide energy for?

A

active transport, protein synthesis, muscle contraction

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7
Q

what is phosphorylation?

A

where ATP binds to enzymes/substrates and lowers the Ea or makes more reactive

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8
Q

how does ATP provide energy?

A

when the bond between the second and third phosphate breaks, small manageable amounts of energy is released

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9
Q

why is ATP useful? (6)

A
  1. releases energy in small manageable amounts
  2. phosphorylation
  3. can be made again
  4. broken down in a single step process
  5. makes phosphorylated substances more reactive
  6. energy is rapidly available
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10
Q

what do you call reduced NADP?

A

NADPH

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11
Q

what is NADP?

A

co-enzyme

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12
Q

what is oxidation?

A

loss of e-

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13
Q

what is reduction?

A

gain of e-

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14
Q

is NADPH a reducing or oxidising agent?

A

reducing

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15
Q

what is photoionisation?

A

when light raises the energy level of electrons in chlorophyll

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16
Q

what is photolysis of water?

A

when water is split

17
Q

what is photophosphorylation?

A

add an inorganic phosphate to ADP to make ATP

18
Q

what are the 3 stages that make the light dependent reaction?

A

photoionisation
photolysis
photophosphorylation

19
Q

where does the light dependent reaction take place?

A

grana/thylakoid membrane

20
Q

what is formed in the light dependent reaction?

A

ATP and NADPH

21
Q

what happens when chlorophyll absorbs the light energy from photons?

A

it excites the electrons to a higher energy level

22
Q

when the electrons are transported down the electron transport chain, how do they lose energy?

A

they provide the energy to pump H+ into thylakoid space

23
Q

what is made when H+ is pumped into the thylakoid space?

A

proton gradient

24
Q

what is photolysis?

A

water splitting into O2 H+ and electrons
2H2O -> O2 + 4H+ + 4e-

25
what is photoionisation?
chlorophyll absorbs light energy which excites the electrons to a higher energy level causing them to be removed from the chlorophyll
26
where do the electrons go when they are removed from the chlorophyll?
electron transport chain
27
what do the excited electrons do in the ETC?
release energy to form a proton gradient
28
what is the chemiosmotic theory?
where the excited electrons move across the ETC pumping H+ into the thylakoid space which causes a proton gradient H+ then diffuse through ATP synthase creating ATP NADPH formed from NADP H+ and e-
29
what is photophosphorylation?
H+ diffusing through ATP synthase to create ATP and NADPH
30
where does the light independent reaction occur?
stroma of chloroplast
31
what are the 3 phases of the LIR?
fixation reduction regeneration
32
explain carbon fixation
RuBP combines with atmospheric CO2 to form 2 x GP reaction catalysed by enzyme rubisco
33
explain reduction as a LIR phase
2 x GP reduced into 2 x triose phosphate requiring H from NADPH and energy from ATP
34
explain regeneration
most of triose phosphate is used to regenerate RuBP
35
what is the remaining triose phophate used to make?
glucose (calvin cycle x6)
36
what 3 factors photosynthesis?
temperature CO2 concentration light intensity and wavelength
37
why does temperature affect the photosynthesis?
enzyme rubisco may denature

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