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biology > 12 respiration > Flashcards

12 respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

requires oxygen and produces CO2 H2O and ATP

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2
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

takes place where there is an absence of oxygen producing lactate in animals and ethanol and CO2 in plants and fungi

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3
Q

what are the 4 stages of respiration?

A

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation or ETC

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4
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm of cell

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5
Q

overall, what happens in glycolysis?

A

glucose is converted into pyruvate

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6
Q

give the 3 steps of glycolysis

A
  1. glucose is phosphorylated which requires 2 molecules of ATP for energy
  2. phosphorylated glucose splits into 2 molecules of triose phosphate due to instability
  3. TP oxidised into pyruvate which requires reduction of NAD and the production of 2 ATP for each pyruvate
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7
Q

what is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

A

2

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8
Q

what is the net gain of NADH2 in glycolysis?

A

2

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9
Q

what type of phosphorylation creates the ATP in glycolysis?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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10
Q

what is pyruvate?

A

3 carbon long chain

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11
Q

where does the link reaction occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

how does the pyruvate get to the mitochondrial matrix?

A

actively transported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix

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13
Q

overall, what happens in the link reaction?

A

pyruvate is converted into acetylcoenzyme A

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14
Q

give the 2 steps of the link reaction

A
  1. pyruvate oxidised into acetate, losing CO2 and 2H (hydrogens accepted by NAD to create reduced NAD)
  2. 2 carbon acetate combines with coenzyme A to produce acetyl coenzyme A
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14
Q

what is produced in one link reaction?

A

1x acetyl coenzyme A
1x CO2
1x reduced NAD

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15
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

16
Q

overall, what is the krebs cycle?

A

a series of REDOX reactions in the mitochondrial matrix

17
Q

describe the krebs cycle starting with acetylcoenzyme A

A
  1. acetyl coenzyme A reacts with a 4C compound to create a 6C compound
  2. 6C compound converted to 5C through loss of CO2 and lost H reduce NAD
  3. 5C converts to 4C again through loss of another CO2 and lost hydrogens reduce 2xNAD and an FAD
  4. ATP made from 5C to 4C
18
Q

how is the ATP made in the krebs cycle?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

19
Q

what 2 enzymes are used in the krebs cycle?

A

dehydrogenase and decarboxylase

20
Q

what are the products of one krebs cycle?

A

3x reduced NAD
1x reduced FAD
1x ATP
2x CO2

21
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

mitochondrial membranes

22
Q

describe oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. NAD/FAD converted into NADH/FADH
  2. ETC on cristae
  3. electrons passed down electron carriers and series of redox reactions
  4. energy released from electrons
  5. protons diffused (facilitated) into intermembrane space
  6. protons flow back through stalked particles/enzyme
  7. energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate using ATP synthase;
23
Q

describe how water is formed at the end of aerobic respiration

A

oxygen acts as a final electron acceptor
and combines with electrons and protons to form water

24
Q

which stages of respiration stop in anaerobic respiration?

A

link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

25
Q

where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

only in cytoplasm

26
Q

explain the process of anaerobic respiration

A
  1. glycolysis occurs as usual
  2. pyruvate remains in cytoplasm and reduces to lactate (animals)
  3. NADH immediately reoxidised to NAD
  4. NAD reused in glycolysis
27
Q

how can glycolysis occur as usual in anaerobic respiration?

A

no O2 needed

28
Q

what is a downside to anaerobic respiration?

A

lactic acid is acidic so may denature enzymes after some time

29
Q

around how many ATP molecules are produced in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

38

30
Q

how does a respirometer work?

A
  1. O2 used in aerobic respiration
  2. this reduces the amount of O2 in chamber therefore reducing the pressure
  3. solution of KOH absorbs the CO2 released by the animal/plant
  4. ink in the connecting tube moves from high to lower pressure along the graduated scale
  5. time taken for liquid to move measured
31
Q

what does a respirometer measure?

A

estimates the rate of respiration

32
Q

what is always underneath the respiring species in respirometry?

A

CO2 absorber/KOH solution

33
Q

how do you calculate rate?

A

volume/time x mass

34
Q

how do you calculate the volume of a cylinder?

A

pi x r ^2 x length

35
Q

explain why the respirometer would have to be air tight

A

to prevent air entering or leaving
this would change the volume and the pressure so would affect movement of liquid

36
Q

what would be the units for the rate of respiration?

A

unit for volume
per unit time
per unit mass

biology (23 decks)

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