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2 nucleic acids Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

give an example of a nucleic acid

A

RNA
DNA

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2
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

deixyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

what does DNA carry?

A

genetic information

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4
Q

what do nucleotides contain?

A
  • pentose sugar
  • nitrogen containing organic base
  • phosphate group
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5
Q

what bond is made in a condensation reaction of 2 nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester bond

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6
Q

what organic bases does RNA have?

A

adenine
uracil
guanine
cytosine

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7
Q

is RNA single or double stranded?

A

single

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8
Q

is DNA single or double stranded?

A

double helix

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9
Q

what is the pentose sugar in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

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10
Q

what are the bases for DNA

A

adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine

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11
Q

what are the 2 strands held together by?

A

H bonds

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12
Q

where do the H bonds form?

A

between base pairs

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13
Q

why is DNA a stable molecule?

A

the phosphodiester backbone protects the chemically reactive bases
H bonds link base pairs

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14
Q

which base pairs are specifically complementary to eachother?

A

adenine and thymine/uracil
guanine and cytosine

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15
Q

how many H bonds link both base pairs?

A

A-T 2 H bonds
G-C 3 H bonds

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16
Q

give the functions of DNA

A

to pass genetic information from cell to cell and generation to generation

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17
Q

how does DNA carry out it’s function?

A
  • very stable
  • extremely large so can carry lots of genetic information
  • base pairing leads to DNA being able to replicate
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18
Q

when does semi conservative replication occur?

A

before mitosis

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19
Q

what does semi conservative replication form?

A

two copies of DNA each with one strand of original DNA and one strand of newly formed DNA

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20
Q

what are the 2 enzymes in semi conservative replication?

A

DNA helicase
DNA polymerase

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21
Q

what is the role of DNA helicase in semi conservative replication?

A

to break the hydrogen bonds that link the base pairs so the double helix separates into two strands and unwinds

22
Q

what happens after DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds in semi conservative replication?

A

both strands act as a template for free nucleotides to bind to specific base pairs

23
Q

what is the role in DNA polymerase in semi conservative replication?

A

it joins nucleotides together in a condensation reaction

24
Q

what do each of the new DNA molecules contain in semi conservative replication?

A

they contain one of the original DNA strands each

25
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

26
Q

what is the structure of ATP?

A

adenine
ribose sugar
three phosphate groups

27
Q

how does ATP release energy?

A

bond between phosphate groups break

28
Q

why can the bonds between phosphate groups break so easily on ATP?

A

unstable due to low activation energy

29
Q

what is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ATP -> ADP + Pi

30
Q

what enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP

A

ATP hydrolase

31
Q

what enzyme catalyses the synthesis of ATP?

A

ATP synthase

32
Q

what is a use of ATP?

A

phosphorylation
provides energy

33
Q

what processes can ATP provide energy for?

A

muscle contraction
active transport
protein synthesis

34
Q

why is ATP useful?(6)

A
  1. phosphorylation
  2. releases energy in small amounts
  3. can be made again
  4. makes phosphorylated substances more reactive
  5. energy is rapidly available
  6. broken down in single step process
35
Q

why is water a dipolar molecule?

A

oxygen and hydrogen molecules have opposite charges

36
Q

describe how ATP is resynthesised in cells

A
  1. ADP + Pi
  2. enzyme ATP synthase
  3. in respiration
37
Q

give 5 properties of water

A
  1. polar
  2. metabolite
  3. has strong cohesion between molecules
  4. high specific heat capacity
  5. high latent heat of vaporisation
38
Q

what happens due to water being polar?

A

it acts as a universal solvent

39
Q

what happens due to water being a metabolite?

A

it is involved in processes like condensation and hydrolysis

40
Q

what happens due to water having strong cohesion between molecules?

A

it provides surface tension/ stops columns of water from breaking

41
Q

what happens due to water having a high specific heat capacity?

A

reduces fluctuations of temperature

42
Q

what happens due to water having a high latent heat of vaporisation?

A

evaporation of small amounts of water can cool organisms

43
Q

what does being a solvent mean?

A

to be able to dissolve substances and molecules

44
Q

what does being metabolite mean?

A

to be used and produced in many chemical reactions in cells

45
Q

what does having strong cohesion between molecules mean?

A

molecules are stuck together due to weak hydrogen bonding

46
Q

what does having a high specific heat capacity mean?

A

that it takes a lot of heat for the temperature to change

47
Q

what does having a high latent heat of vaporisation mean?

A

takes a lot of energy to break H bonds which increase the energy required to evaporate water

48
Q

why is water so important for life to occur?

A
  1. life evolved in water
  2. water provides support for organisms
  3. water a major component of cytoplasm
  4. water is a universal solvent
  5. water is a metabolite
  6. water stabilises temperature
  7. water important in stabilising temperature of organisms
49
Q

why does water become lighter as it expands/freezes?

A
  1. density = mass ÷ volume
  2. ice has same mass of water but greater volume
50
Q

suggest 3 biological advantages of ice

A

biology (23 decks)

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