7: Human Movement Science Flashcards
___ : Relatively closer to midline of body
Medial
____: relatively farther away from the midline (or towards outside of body)
Lateral
-______: positioned on opposite sides of the body
Counter
Contralateral
____: positioned on the same side of the body
in-line
Ipsilateral
____: positioned on or toward the front of the body
Anterior
___: positioned on or toward the back of the body
Posterior
____: positioned nearest the center of the body or other identified reference point
Proximal
_____: positioned farthest from the center of the body or other identified reference point
Distal
____: positioned below and identified reference point
Inferior
_____: positioned above an identified reference point
Superior
____ is a movement in which the inferior calcaneus moves medially (bottom of foot faces inward)
Inversion
____ is a movement in which the inferior calcaneus moves laterally (bottom of foot faces outward)
Eversion
Define Lateral Flexion:
Bending of the spine from side to side
Define adduction:
movement of the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body
____ is the movement of the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Abduction
___ _____: an imaginary bisector dividing front and back body halves. Movement includes ab/adduction and side to side motions
Frontal plane
Define plantar flexion:
Extension at the ankle pointing downward
pointing toes downward
Define dorsiflexion;
Flexion occuring at the ankle, pulling upward
Define hyperextension:
Joint extension beyond the normal limit/ROM
Define extension:
Straightening movement where relative angle between adjacent segments increases
___ is defined as bending movement where relative angle between adjacent angle decreases:
Flexion
Define sagittal plane:
Imaginary bisector dividing the left and right body halves
T/F
Osteokinematics is movement of the limb that is visible
True
T/F
Arthrokinematics is the description of joint surface movements consisting of rolls, slides, and spins
True
T/F
Arthrokinematics is movement of the limb that is visible
False!
That is Osteokinematics.
This is the collective components and structures working together to move the body; muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems
HMS
Human Movement System
Define Kinetic chain:
concept that describes the human body as a chain of independent links working together to perform movement
The ___ ___ ___:
the concept describing integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body:
Regional Interdependence Model
_____ the science concerned with internal and external forces acting on the human body and effects produced by these forces
Biomechanics
Define kinesiology:
the study of movements related to anatomy and physiology
_____ is the study of movements related to anatomy and physiology
kinesiology
_______ _______ is the position with body erect, arms at the sides, and palms forward. Position of reference for anatomic nomenclature
Anatomic Position
_______ _______ is a motor Neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Motor Unit
Define Eccentric Muscle Action:
Muscle Action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening
T/F
Hypermobility is limited range of motion at a joint
False!
Hypomobility
T/F
Hypermobility is a lack of neuromuscular support leading to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury
True
_____ _____ is the normal extensibility of soft tissues allowing for full range of motion of a joint
Flexibility
_____ _____ is the ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched
Elasticity
Define Ligament:
Fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Define Scapular Elevation:
Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae
Define Scapular Depression:
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae
Define Scapular Protraction:
Abduction of scapulae where shoulder blades move away from midline
Define Scapular Retraction:
Adduction of scapulae where shoulder blades move toward the midline
_____ is a biomechanical motion of lower extremities, during walking, running, and sprinting
Gait
_______ __ ______ is a multiplanar movement of the foot-ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production
Supination of Foot
_____ __ ______ is a multiplanar movement of the foot-ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction
Pronation of Foot
Define Radioulnar Supination:
Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position
_____ _____ is the inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up positon to a palm-down position
Radioulnar Pronation
_____ _____ is the movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral positon to an anterior position
Horizontal Adduction
Define Horizontal Abduction:
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior postion to a lateral position
Define external Rotation:
Rotation of a body segment away from the midline of body
_____ _____ is the rotation of a body segment toward the midline of body
Internal Rotation
_____ _____ is an imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
Transverse Plane
_____ are muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles
Antagonists
Define Feed-forward activation:
when muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement
_____ are muscles that contract isometrically to keep the trunk and joints steady as the body moves
Stabilizers
Define synergists:
muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement
T/F
Agonists are the primary muscle providing force for a movement
True
T/F
Antagonists and synergists work together to provide a primary movement to a muscle
False!
Agonists and synergists work together
_____ _____ _____ is the full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement
Muscle Action Spectrum
Define Core:
structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC); includes the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint
Define Isometric Muscle Action:
When muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in muscle length
_____ _____ _____ is a muscle action that occurs when muscle is exerting force greater than resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle
Concentric Muscle Action
_____ _____ _____ is to move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically)
Integrated performance paradigm
Define Stretch reflex:
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengenthing
_____ _____ is the transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle
Amortization Phase
_____ _____ _____ is a springlike noncontractole component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy
Series Elastic Component
_____-_____ _____ is loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction
stretch-shortening cycle
_____ _____ The optional resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion
Neutral Position
Define Muscle imbalances:
when muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships
_____ _____ _____ occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist
Altered reciprocal inhibition
Define Reciprocal inhibition:
when an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen
_____ _____ _____ is when a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce
Altered length-tension relationship
Define Muscle Balance:
When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position
_____ structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines
Sarcomere
T/F
Myosin is the thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with Actin to produce muscular contraction
False!
Actin is the thin myofilament silly :’D
T/F
Myosin is the thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction
True!
Great Job :)
Define Resting length:
legnth of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched
Define Length-Tension relationship:
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length
_____ is an influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
Force
Define Tendon:
a fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
_____-_____ _____ is the syenrgistic aaction of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint
Force-couple relationship
_____ _____ _____ are muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine
Joint support systems
_____ _____is movement of the bone around the joints
Rotary Motion
Define Torque:
a foece that produces rotation; common unit of measurement is the Newton meter (Nm)
Define Motor Behavior:
motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli
Define Motor Control:
how the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response
_____ _____ is the integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior
Motor Learning
_____ _____ is the change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span
Motor Development
_____ _____ are groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement
Muscle synergies
ergies to syn as a group
_____ are specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves
Mechanoreceptors
Define Proprioception:
the body’s ability to be able to detect its general orientation and its relative position of its parts
_____ _____ is the cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement
Sensorimotor integration
_____ the use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
Feedback
_____ _____ the process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment
Internal Feedback
environmental movement
_____ _____ is information provided by some outside source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment
External Feedback
_____ _____ the ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion
Neuromuscular Efficiency
