5: The Nervous, Muscular, and Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
_____ ____ is a concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement?
A
Kinetic chain
2
Q
___ ___ ____ describes the collective components and structures that work together to move the body; muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems
A
Human Movement System
HMS
3
Q
The ____ system is a network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body
A
Nervous System
4
Q
Define neuron:
A
a specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system
5
Q
the complex structure of the nervous system is made up of billions of ______:
A
neurons
6
Q
_____ process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals
A
neurons
7
Q
Cellular structure or organelle that contains majority of cells, genetic material in the form of chromosomes:
A
Nucleus
8
Q
Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, etc
A
organelles
9
Q
this organelle uses nutrients to create energy for the cell, commonly known as the powerhouse of the cell
A
mitochondria
10
Q
______ sites:
a part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response:
A
Effector sites
11
Q
define electrolytes and their function:
A
minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium
12
Q
Define the central nervous system:
A
a division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
13
Q
This division of the nervous system is a system of nerves that connect the rest of the body to the CNS:
A
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
14
Q
Efferent or Afferent pathway?
sensory pathway that relays information to CNS:
A
Afferent
15
Q
Efferent or Afferent Pathway?
motor pathway that relays information from CNS to the rest of the body:
A
Efferent
16
Q
Afferent pathway is motor or sensory?
A
Sensory
17
Q
Efferent pathway is motor or sensory?
A
Motor
18
Q
_____ are neurons located within spinal cord and brain, transmit impulses between afferent/efferent neurons:
A
Interneurons
19
Q
____ are specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch/pressure) within tissues and transmit signals through sensory nerves
A
Mechanoreceptors
20
Q
Axons are cylindrical projections extending from the cell body that ____ nerve messages:
Dendrites _____ messages from other neurons:
A
Axons carry nerve messages
Dendrites receive
21
Q
List the parts of the neuron:
*no need to memorize all
A
Dendrites Nucleus Axon Node Myelin Sheath Neurolemma Synaptic terminal
22
Q
___ nervous system:
nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle , and are largely responsible for voluntary control of movement:
A
Somatic nervous system
23
Q
List the 2 subdivisions of the PNS:
A
Somatic and Autonomic
24
Q
List the two subdivisions of the Autonomic nervous system:
A
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
25
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state (*stressed):
Sympathetic
26
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state:
(*passive)
Parasympathetic
27
Define proprioception:
the body's ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts
28
_____ function is the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces an appropriate response
Integrative
29
Define motor function:
the neuromuscular (i.e. nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information
30
muscle spindles are sensory receptors sensitive to change in the _____ of the muscle and the ____ of that change:
length
rate
31
This is the neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening:
Stretch Reflex
32
T/F
| Muscle spindles also help in regulating the contraction of muscles through the stretch reflex:
True
33
___ ____ ____ is a specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change:
Golgi Tendon Organ
| GTO
34
GTO are sensitive to changes in muscular ___ and ____ of that:
tension
rate of tension
35
_____ receptors are located in and around the joint capsule, respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of joints
Joint receptors
36
Joint receptors are located in and around the ___ ____, and respond to these three things:
Joint capsule
* Pressure
* Acceleration
* Deceleration
37
_____ is the concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual's entire lifespan:
neuroplasticity
38
Define neurocircuitry:
The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord
39
___ ____ are specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor systems:
Motor skills
40
Motor skills are specific movements through the coordinated effort of the ____ and ____ subsystems
sensory and motor
41
Define skeletal system:
a description of the bones of the body
42
This is a condition of reduced bone mineral density which increases risk of bone fracture:
Osteoporosis
43
These are the sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction:
Joints
44
What are the two divisions of the skeleton:
Axial
Appendicular
45
___ is the division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column:
Axial skeleton
46
____ is the division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle:
Appendicular skeleton
47
___ are rigid rods where muscles attach:
Levers
48
Define levers:
rigid rods where muscles attach
49
____ is the process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure:
Remodeling
50
Define remodeling:
process by which bone is constantly renewed
51
What is the difference between osteoblasts/clasts:
Osteoblasts: lay down new bone tissue
Osteoclasts: break down and removed old bone tissue
52
```
____ Law:
how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone
```
Wolff's Law
53
List the 5 types of bones:
```
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
```
54
List two examples of long bones and two examples of short bones:
Long:
Humerus, Femur
Short:
Carpals, Tarsals
55
What type of bones are Metacarpals and phalanges:
Long
56
List three types of flat bones:
Scapula
Sternum ribs
Ribs
57
Vertebrae are what type of bones:
irregular
58
____ are small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint:
Sesamoid bones
59
List an example of a sesamoid bone:
Patella
| others can be found in feet/thumbs/index/pinky
60
T/F
| Metatarsals are short bones:
False
they are long bones
61
This type of bone is cubical in shape:
short bones
62
___ bones are thin, protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach?
flat
63
Which type of bone can be found in a location where a tendon passes over a joint:
Sesamoid
64
Where is bone marrow stored:
medullary cavity
65
____ is the shaft portion of a long bone:
Diaphysis
66
____ are the end of long bones that contain red marrow and are also the primary sites for bone growth
Epiphyses
67
This is a dense fibrous membrane that covers the bone, provides an attachment site for tendons, and contains nerves, blood vessels, and bone producing cells:
Periosteum
68
____ cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones:
articular/hyaline
69
What connects the diaphysis to the epiphysis in a long bone:
Epiphyseal plate
| aka growth plate
70
List the two types of bone markings:
depressions
processes
71
List the 2 subdivisions of depressions:
Fossa
Sulcus
72
List the 5 subdivisions of processes:
```
Process (i.e. spinal)
Condyle
Epicondyle
Tubercle
Trochanter
```
73
```
Out of these processes, list the two that are upper body and the two that are lower body:
tubercle
trochanter
epicondyle
condyle
```
Upper body:
Tubercle
Epicondyle
Lower body:
Trochanter
Condyle
74
This type of depression is flattened or indented bone that is an attachment site for muscle:
fossa
75
This type of depression is a groove that allows soft tissue (i.e.tendon etc) to pass through:
Sulcus
76
Where are condyles located and what joint do they help form:
Inner and outer portions of bottom of the femur and top of tibia
knee joint
77
Where are epicondyles located and what joint do they help form:
Inner and outer portions of the humerus
elbow joint
78
Where are the tubercles located and what are they for:
top of the humerus at shoulder (glenohumoral) joint
attachment sites for shoulder musculature
79
Where are the trochanters and what are they for:
Top of the femur
attachment sites for hip musculature
80
The _____ are bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the _____, _____, and _____ regions
Vertebral Column
cervical, thoracic, lumbosacral
81
a bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae is known as?
spinal cord
82
Describe intervertebral discs:
- fibrous cartilage structures
- sit between vertebrae
- act as shock absorbers and assist with movement
83
Neutral Spine is referred to as a position in which the _____ and associated structures are under the _____ amount of load and can _____ optimally support functional movement
Vertebrae
least, most
84
Osteokinematics describes _____ movement that is visible, while Arthrokinematics describes _____ movement including _____, _____, and _____
bone (flexion/extension)
joint (interaction btwn two bone surfaces)
roll, slide, spin
85
_____ joints have a _____-filled joint capsule
synovial
| fluid (Synovial fluid)
86
Name the 6 types of synovial joints in the body:
```
hinge
pivot
glide
condyloid
saddle
ball-and-socket
```
87
Describe and list examples of a roll, slide, and spin of a joint movement:
Roll- one joint rolls across surface of another; lower femoral condyles roll over the upper tibial condyles during squat
Slide- one joint's surface slides across another; upper tibial condyles slide across lower femoral condyles; during knee extension
Spin- one jont surface rotates on another; head of the radius rotating on the end of humerus during pronation/supination of forearm
88
A _____ joint is a gliding joint that moves in _____ plane, either back and forth or side to side
nonaxial
one
89
Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure are known as... :
Nonsynovial Joints
| i.e. sutures of skull
90
Define Ligament:
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
91
_____: A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strengh and structure. The MOST abundant protein in the human body
Collagen
5 types:
92
Define Elastin:
Protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures
93
_____ _____: specialized catrtilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth
Growth Plate
94
Name the 3 types of muscles in the body and location:
Skeletal muscle- bone
Cardiac muscle- heart
Smooth muscle- internal organs
95
Define Skeletal muscle:
muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates forces that create movement
96
_____ is the first layer of connective tissue that surrounds _____ muscles and connects them to surrounding muscles
Fascia
Skeletal
97
_____ is the inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds the entire _____, aka the "deep fascia"
Epimysium
muscle
98
_____ are the largest bundles of fibers within a muscle, surrounded by _____
Fascicles
Perimysium
99
_____ is a connective tissue that individually wraps a _____
Perimysium
fascicle
100
What makes up each individual fascicle?
Muscle Fibers/cells
101
_____ is a connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle _____ within a fascicle
Endomysium
fibers
102
Known as the "storage form" of carbohydrate, this gets deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells
Glycogen
103
_____: protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles
Myoglobin
104
_____ are the contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments _____ and _____ are contained within this structure
Myofibrils
actin, myosin
105
_____ are the filaments of a myofibril; and include _____ and _____
Myofilaments
actin, myosin
106
What are the two types of myofilaments?
Actin and Myosin
107
Actin and Myosin work to produce _____ _____
Mucsular contraction
108
_____ is the thin, string-like filament, and _____ is the thick filament
Actin, Myosin
109
Actin and myosin filaments form repeating sections within the myofibrils, each one of these sections is known as a _____. This structure is found between these:
Sarcomere
Z-Lines
110
What is found between two Z-lines?
Sarcomere
repeating sections within the myofibrils formed by actin and myosin
111
The meeting point of each sarcomere is known as a _____
Z-line
112
Define Neural activation:
Nervous system's signal that tells a muscle to contract
113
_____ _____ is the specialized sight where nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers
Neuromuscular Junction
aka Synapse
114
_____: a junction or small gap between the neurons and muscle cells
Synapse
aka Neuromuscular Junction
115
Define Motor Unit:
Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
116
_____ _____ is the nerve impulse that is relayed from the CNS, through the PNS, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction
Action potential
117
Action potential is the nerve impulse that is relayed from the _____, through the _____, and into the muscle across the _____ _____
CNS, PNS
Neuromuscular junction
118
_____ are chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission
Neurotransmitters
119
_____ is a neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction
Acetylcholine (ACh)
120
_____ _____ _____ is the series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.
Sliding filament theory (figure 5-42)
121
_____-_____ _____ the physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction
Excitation-contraction coupling (figure 5-43)
122
_____ _____ the myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filament past each other, shortening the muscle
Power stroke
123
_____ _____ is a high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body, known as the energy currency of the body
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
124
_____ _____ length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched
Resting length
125
_____ (___) _____ _____ muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue
Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers
126
_____ (___) _____ _____ muscle fibers that are large in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue
Type II (fast twitch) muscle fibers
127
___-__-_____ _____ motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate, they either contract maximally or not at all
All-or-nothing principle
128
_____ the smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues
Capillaries
129
List some characteristics of Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers:
- more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
- increased oxygen delivery
- smaller in size
- less force produced
- slow to fatigue
- long-term contractions (stabilization)
130
List some characteristics of Type II (fast twitch) muscle fibers:
- fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
- decreased oxygen delivery
- larger in size
- more force produced
- quick to fatigue
- short-term contractions (force and power)
