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NASM CPT > 5: The Nervous, Muscular, and Skeletal System > Flashcards

5: The Nervous, Muscular, and Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ ____ is a concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement?

A

Kinetic chain

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2
Q

___ ___ ____ describes the collective components and structures that work together to move the body; muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems

A

Human Movement System

HMS

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3
Q

The ____ system is a network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body

A

Nervous System

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4
Q

Define neuron:

A

a specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system

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5
Q

the complex structure of the nervous system is made up of billions of ______:

A

neurons

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6
Q

_____ process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals

A

neurons

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7
Q

Cellular structure or organelle that contains majority of cells, genetic material in the form of chromosomes:

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, etc

A

organelles

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9
Q

this organelle uses nutrients to create energy for the cell, commonly known as the powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

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10
Q

______ sites:

a part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response:

A

Effector sites

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11
Q

define electrolytes and their function:

A

minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium

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12
Q

Define the central nervous system:

A

a division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

This division of the nervous system is a system of nerves that connect the rest of the body to the CNS:

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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14
Q

Efferent or Afferent pathway?

sensory pathway that relays information to CNS:

A

Afferent

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15
Q

Efferent or Afferent Pathway?

motor pathway that relays information from CNS to the rest of the body:

A

Efferent

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16
Q

Afferent pathway is motor or sensory?

A

Sensory

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17
Q

Efferent pathway is motor or sensory?

A

Motor

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18
Q

_____ are neurons located within spinal cord and brain, transmit impulses between afferent/efferent neurons:

A

Interneurons

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19
Q

____ are specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch/pressure) within tissues and transmit signals through sensory nerves

A

Mechanoreceptors

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20
Q

Axons are cylindrical projections extending from the cell body that ____ nerve messages:

Dendrites _____ messages from other neurons:

A

Axons carry nerve messages

Dendrites receive

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21
Q

List the parts of the neuron:

*no need to memorize all

A 
Dendrites
Nucleus
Axon 
Node
Myelin Sheath
Neurolemma
Synaptic terminal
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22
Q

___ nervous system:
nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle , and are largely responsible for voluntary control of movement:

A

Somatic nervous system

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23
Q

List the 2 subdivisions of the PNS:

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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24
Q

List the two subdivisions of the Autonomic nervous system:

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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25
Q

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state (*stressed):

A

Sympathetic

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26
Q

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state:
(*passive)

A

Parasympathetic

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27
Q

Define proprioception:

A

the body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts

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28
Q

_____ function is the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces an appropriate response

A

Integrative

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29
Q

Define motor function:

A

the neuromuscular (i.e. nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information

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30
Q

muscle spindles are sensory receptors sensitive to change in the _____ of the muscle and the ____ of that change:

A

length

rate

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31
Q

This is the neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening:

A

Stretch Reflex

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32
Q

T/F

Muscle spindles also help in regulating the contraction of muscles through the stretch reflex:

A

True

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33
Q

___ ____ ____ is a specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change:

A

Golgi Tendon Organ

GTO

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34
Q

GTO are sensitive to changes in muscular ___ and ____ of that:

A

tension

rate of tension

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35
Q

_____ receptors are located in and around the joint capsule, respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of joints

A

Joint receptors

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36
Q

Joint receptors are located in and around the ___ ____, and respond to these three things:

A

Joint capsule

  • Pressure
  • Acceleration
  • Deceleration
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37
Q

_____ is the concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire lifespan:

A

neuroplasticity

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38
Q

Define neurocircuitry:

A

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

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39
Q

___ ____ are specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor systems:

A

Motor skills

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40
Q

Motor skills are specific movements through the coordinated effort of the ____ and ____ subsystems

A

sensory and motor

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41
Q

Define skeletal system:

A

a description of the bones of the body

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42
Q

This is a condition of reduced bone mineral density which increases risk of bone fracture:

A

Osteoporosis

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43
Q

These are the sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction:

A

Joints

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44
Q

What are the two divisions of the skeleton:

A

Axial

Appendicular

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45
Q

___ is the division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column:

A

Axial skeleton

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46
Q

____ is the division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle:

A

Appendicular skeleton

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47
Q

___ are rigid rods where muscles attach:

A

Levers

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48
Q

Define levers:

A

rigid rods where muscles attach

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49
Q

____ is the process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure:

A

Remodeling

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50
Q

Define remodeling:

A

process by which bone is constantly renewed

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51
Q

What is the difference between osteoblasts/clasts:

A

Osteoblasts: lay down new bone tissue

Osteoclasts: break down and removed old bone tissue

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52
Q 
\_\_\_\_  Law:
how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone
A

Wolff’s Law

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53
Q

List the 5 types of bones:

A 
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
54
Q

List two examples of long bones and two examples of short bones:

A

Long:
Humerus, Femur

Short:
Carpals, Tarsals

55
Q

What type of bones are Metacarpals and phalanges:

A

Long

56
Q

List three types of flat bones:

A

Scapula
Sternum ribs
Ribs

57
Q

Vertebrae are what type of bones:

A

irregular

58
Q

____ are small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint:

A

Sesamoid bones

59
Q

List an example of a sesamoid bone:

A

Patella

others can be found in feet/thumbs/index/pinky

60
Q

T/F

Metatarsals are short bones:

A

False

they are long bones

61
Q

This type of bone is cubical in shape:

A

short bones

62
Q

___ bones are thin, protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach?

A

flat

63
Q

Which type of bone can be found in a location where a tendon passes over a joint:

A

Sesamoid

64
Q

Where is bone marrow stored:

A

medullary cavity

65
Q

____ is the shaft portion of a long bone:

A

Diaphysis

66
Q

____ are the end of long bones that contain red marrow and are also the primary sites for bone growth

A

Epiphyses

67
Q

This is a dense fibrous membrane that covers the bone, provides an attachment site for tendons, and contains nerves, blood vessels, and bone producing cells:

A

Periosteum

68
Q

____ cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones:

A

articular/hyaline

69
Q

What connects the diaphysis to the epiphysis in a long bone:

A

Epiphyseal plate

aka growth plate

70
Q

List the two types of bone markings:

A

depressions

processes

71
Q

List the 2 subdivisions of depressions:

A

Fossa

Sulcus

72
Q

List the 5 subdivisions of processes:

A 
Process (i.e. spinal)
Condyle 
Epicondyle
Tubercle
Trochanter
73
Q 
Out of these processes, list the two that are upper body and the two that are lower body:
tubercle
trochanter
epicondyle
condyle
A

Upper body:
Tubercle
Epicondyle

Lower body:
Trochanter
Condyle

74
Q

This type of depression is flattened or indented bone that is an attachment site for muscle:

A

fossa

75
Q

This type of depression is a groove that allows soft tissue (i.e.tendon etc) to pass through:

A

Sulcus

76
Q

Where are condyles located and what joint do they help form:

A

Inner and outer portions of bottom of the femur and top of tibia

knee joint

77
Q

Where are epicondyles located and what joint do they help form:

A

Inner and outer portions of the humerus

elbow joint

78
Q

Where are the tubercles located and what are they for:

A

top of the humerus at shoulder (glenohumoral) joint

attachment sites for shoulder musculature

79
Q

Where are the trochanters and what are they for:

A

Top of the femur

attachment sites for hip musculature

80
Q

The _____ are bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the _____, _____, and _____ regions

A

Vertebral Column

cervical, thoracic, lumbosacral

81
Q

a bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae is known as?

A

spinal cord

82
Q

Describe intervertebral discs:

A
  • fibrous cartilage structures
  • sit between vertebrae
  • act as shock absorbers and assist with movement
83
Q

Neutral Spine is referred to as a position in which the _____ and associated structures are under the _____ amount of load and can _____ optimally support functional movement

A

Vertebrae

least, most

84
Q

Osteokinematics describes _____ movement that is visible, while Arthrokinematics describes _____ movement including _____, _____, and _____

A

bone (flexion/extension)

joint (interaction btwn two bone surfaces)
roll, slide, spin

85
Q

_____ joints have a _____-filled joint capsule

A

synovial

fluid (Synovial fluid)

86
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joints in the body:

A 
hinge
pivot
glide
condyloid
saddle
ball-and-socket
87
Q

Describe and list examples of a roll, slide, and spin of a joint movement:

A

Roll- one joint rolls across surface of another; lower femoral condyles roll over the upper tibial condyles during squat

Slide- one joint’s surface slides across another; upper tibial condyles slide across lower femoral condyles; during knee extension

Spin- one jont surface rotates on another; head of the radius rotating on the end of humerus during pronation/supination of forearm

88
Q

A _____ joint is a gliding joint that moves in _____ plane, either back and forth or side to side

A

nonaxial

one

89
Q

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure are known as… :

A

Nonsynovial Joints

i.e. sutures of skull

90
Q

Define Ligament:

A

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone

91
Q

_____: A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strengh and structure. The MOST abundant protein in the human body

A

Collagen

5 types:

92
Q

Define Elastin:

A

Protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures

93
Q

_____ _____: specialized catrtilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth

A

Growth Plate

94
Q

Name the 3 types of muscles in the body and location:

A

Skeletal muscle- bone
Cardiac muscle- heart
Smooth muscle- internal organs

95
Q

Define Skeletal muscle:

A

muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates forces that create movement

96
Q

_____ is the first layer of connective tissue that surrounds _____ muscles and connects them to surrounding muscles

A

Fascia

Skeletal

97
Q

_____ is the inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds the entire _____, aka the “deep fascia”

A

Epimysium

muscle

98
Q

_____ are the largest bundles of fibers within a muscle, surrounded by _____

A

Fascicles

Perimysium

99
Q

_____ is a connective tissue that individually wraps a _____

A

Perimysium

fascicle

100
Q

What makes up each individual fascicle?

A

Muscle Fibers/cells

101
Q

_____ is a connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle _____ within a fascicle

A

Endomysium

fibers

102
Q

Known as the “storage form” of carbohydrate, this gets deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells

A

Glycogen

103
Q

_____: protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles

A

Myoglobin

104
Q

_____ are the contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments _____ and _____ are contained within this structure

A

Myofibrils

actin, myosin

105
Q

_____ are the filaments of a myofibril; and include _____ and _____

A

Myofilaments

actin, myosin

106
Q

What are the two types of myofilaments?

A

Actin and Myosin

107
Q

Actin and Myosin work to produce _____ _____

A

Mucsular contraction

108
Q

_____ is the thin, string-like filament, and _____ is the thick filament

A

Actin, Myosin

109
Q

Actin and myosin filaments form repeating sections within the myofibrils, each one of these sections is known as a _____. This structure is found between these:

A

Sarcomere

Z-Lines

110
Q

What is found between two Z-lines?

A

Sarcomere

repeating sections within the myofibrils formed by actin and myosin

111
Q

The meeting point of each sarcomere is known as a _____

A

Z-line

112
Q

Define Neural activation:

A

Nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract

113
Q

_____ _____ is the specialized sight where nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers

A

Neuromuscular Junction

aka Synapse

114
Q

_____: a junction or small gap between the neurons and muscle cells

A

Synapse

aka Neuromuscular Junction

115
Q

Define Motor Unit:

A

Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

116
Q

_____ _____ is the nerve impulse that is relayed from the CNS, through the PNS, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction

A

Action potential

117
Q

Action potential is the nerve impulse that is relayed from the _____, through the _____, and into the muscle across the _____ _____

A

CNS, PNS

Neuromuscular junction

118
Q

_____ are chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission

A

Neurotransmitters

119
Q

_____ is a neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

120
Q

_____ _____ _____ is the series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.

A

Sliding filament theory (figure 5-42)

121
Q

_____-_____ _____ the physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction

A

Excitation-contraction coupling (figure 5-43)

122
Q

_____ _____ the myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filament past each other, shortening the muscle

A

Power stroke

123
Q

_____ _____ is a high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body, known as the energy currency of the body

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

124
Q

_____ _____ length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched

A

Resting length

125
Q

_____ (___) _____ _____ muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue

A

Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers

126
Q

_____ (___) _____ _____ muscle fibers that are large in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue

A

Type II (fast twitch) muscle fibers

127
Q

___-__-_____ _____ motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate, they either contract maximally or not at all

A

All-or-nothing principle

128
Q

_____ the smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues

A

Capillaries

129
Q

List some characteristics of Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers:

A
  • more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
  • increased oxygen delivery
  • smaller in size
  • less force produced
  • slow to fatigue
  • long-term contractions (stabilization)
130
Q

List some characteristics of Type II (fast twitch) muscle fibers:

A
  • fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
  • decreased oxygen delivery
  • larger in size
  • more force produced
  • quick to fatigue
  • short-term contractions (force and power)

NASM CPT (23 decks)

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