5: The Nervous, Muscular, and Skeletal System Flashcards
_____ ____ is a concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement?
Kinetic chain
___ ___ ____ describes the collective components and structures that work together to move the body; muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems
Human Movement System
HMS
The ____ system is a network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body
Nervous System
Define neuron:
a specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system
the complex structure of the nervous system is made up of billions of ______:
neurons
_____ process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals
neurons
Cellular structure or organelle that contains majority of cells, genetic material in the form of chromosomes:
Nucleus
Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, etc
organelles
this organelle uses nutrients to create energy for the cell, commonly known as the powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
______ sites:
a part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response:
Effector sites
define electrolytes and their function:
minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium
Define the central nervous system:
a division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
This division of the nervous system is a system of nerves that connect the rest of the body to the CNS:
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Efferent or Afferent pathway?
sensory pathway that relays information to CNS:
Afferent
Efferent or Afferent Pathway?
motor pathway that relays information from CNS to the rest of the body:
Efferent
Afferent pathway is motor or sensory?
Sensory
Efferent pathway is motor or sensory?
Motor
_____ are neurons located within spinal cord and brain, transmit impulses between afferent/efferent neurons:
Interneurons
____ are specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch/pressure) within tissues and transmit signals through sensory nerves
Mechanoreceptors
Axons are cylindrical projections extending from the cell body that ____ nerve messages:
Dendrites _____ messages from other neurons:
Axons carry nerve messages
Dendrites receive
List the parts of the neuron:
*no need to memorize all
Dendrites Nucleus Axon Node Myelin Sheath Neurolemma Synaptic terminal
___ nervous system:
nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle , and are largely responsible for voluntary control of movement:
Somatic nervous system
List the 2 subdivisions of the PNS:
Somatic and Autonomic
List the two subdivisions of the Autonomic nervous system:
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state (*stressed):
Sympathetic
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state:
(*passive)
Parasympathetic
Define proprioception:
the body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts
_____ function is the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces an appropriate response
Integrative
Define motor function:
the neuromuscular (i.e. nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information
muscle spindles are sensory receptors sensitive to change in the _____ of the muscle and the ____ of that change:
length
rate
This is the neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening:
Stretch Reflex
T/F
Muscle spindles also help in regulating the contraction of muscles through the stretch reflex:
True
___ ____ ____ is a specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change:
Golgi Tendon Organ
GTO
GTO are sensitive to changes in muscular ___ and ____ of that:
tension
rate of tension
_____ receptors are located in and around the joint capsule, respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of joints
Joint receptors
Joint receptors are located in and around the ___ ____, and respond to these three things:
Joint capsule
- Pressure
- Acceleration
- Deceleration
_____ is the concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire lifespan:
neuroplasticity
Define neurocircuitry:
The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord
___ ____ are specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor systems:
Motor skills
Motor skills are specific movements through the coordinated effort of the ____ and ____ subsystems
sensory and motor
Define skeletal system:
a description of the bones of the body
This is a condition of reduced bone mineral density which increases risk of bone fracture:
Osteoporosis
These are the sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction:
Joints
What are the two divisions of the skeleton:
Axial
Appendicular
___ is the division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column:
Axial skeleton
____ is the division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle:
Appendicular skeleton
___ are rigid rods where muscles attach:
Levers
Define levers:
rigid rods where muscles attach
____ is the process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure:
Remodeling
Define remodeling:
process by which bone is constantly renewed
What is the difference between osteoblasts/clasts:
Osteoblasts: lay down new bone tissue
Osteoclasts: break down and removed old bone tissue
\_\_\_\_ Law: how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone
Wolff’s Law
List the 5 types of bones:
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
List two examples of long bones and two examples of short bones:
Long:
Humerus, Femur
Short:
Carpals, Tarsals
What type of bones are Metacarpals and phalanges:
Long
List three types of flat bones:
Scapula
Sternum ribs
Ribs
Vertebrae are what type of bones:
irregular
____ are small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint:
Sesamoid bones
List an example of a sesamoid bone:
Patella
others can be found in feet/thumbs/index/pinky
T/F
Metatarsals are short bones:
False
they are long bones
This type of bone is cubical in shape:
short bones
___ bones are thin, protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach?
flat
Which type of bone can be found in a location where a tendon passes over a joint:
Sesamoid
Where is bone marrow stored:
medullary cavity
____ is the shaft portion of a long bone:
Diaphysis
____ are the end of long bones that contain red marrow and are also the primary sites for bone growth
Epiphyses
This is a dense fibrous membrane that covers the bone, provides an attachment site for tendons, and contains nerves, blood vessels, and bone producing cells:
Periosteum
____ cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones:
articular/hyaline
What connects the diaphysis to the epiphysis in a long bone:
Epiphyseal plate
aka growth plate
List the two types of bone markings:
depressions
processes
List the 2 subdivisions of depressions:
Fossa
Sulcus
List the 5 subdivisions of processes:
Process (i.e. spinal) Condyle Epicondyle Tubercle Trochanter
Out of these processes, list the two that are upper body and the two that are lower body: tubercle trochanter epicondyle condyle
Upper body:
Tubercle
Epicondyle
Lower body:
Trochanter
Condyle
This type of depression is flattened or indented bone that is an attachment site for muscle:
fossa
This type of depression is a groove that allows soft tissue (i.e.tendon etc) to pass through:
Sulcus
Where are condyles located and what joint do they help form:
Inner and outer portions of bottom of the femur and top of tibia
knee joint
Where are epicondyles located and what joint do they help form:
Inner and outer portions of the humerus
elbow joint
Where are the tubercles located and what are they for:
top of the humerus at shoulder (glenohumoral) joint
attachment sites for shoulder musculature
Where are the trochanters and what are they for:
Top of the femur
attachment sites for hip musculature
The _____ are bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the _____, _____, and _____ regions
Vertebral Column
cervical, thoracic, lumbosacral
a bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae is known as?
spinal cord
Describe intervertebral discs:
- fibrous cartilage structures
- sit between vertebrae
- act as shock absorbers and assist with movement
Neutral Spine is referred to as a position in which the _____ and associated structures are under the _____ amount of load and can _____ optimally support functional movement
Vertebrae
least, most
Osteokinematics describes _____ movement that is visible, while Arthrokinematics describes _____ movement including _____, _____, and _____
bone (flexion/extension)
joint (interaction btwn two bone surfaces)
roll, slide, spin
_____ joints have a _____-filled joint capsule
synovial
fluid (Synovial fluid)
Name the 6 types of synovial joints in the body:
hinge pivot glide condyloid saddle ball-and-socket
Describe and list examples of a roll, slide, and spin of a joint movement:
Roll- one joint rolls across surface of another; lower femoral condyles roll over the upper tibial condyles during squat
Slide- one joint’s surface slides across another; upper tibial condyles slide across lower femoral condyles; during knee extension
Spin- one jont surface rotates on another; head of the radius rotating on the end of humerus during pronation/supination of forearm
A _____ joint is a gliding joint that moves in _____ plane, either back and forth or side to side
nonaxial
one
Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure are known as… :
Nonsynovial Joints
i.e. sutures of skull
Define Ligament:
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
_____: A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strengh and structure. The MOST abundant protein in the human body
Collagen
5 types:
Define Elastin:
Protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures
_____ _____: specialized catrtilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth
Growth Plate
Name the 3 types of muscles in the body and location:
Skeletal muscle- bone
Cardiac muscle- heart
Smooth muscle- internal organs
Define Skeletal muscle:
muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates forces that create movement
_____ is the first layer of connective tissue that surrounds _____ muscles and connects them to surrounding muscles
Fascia
Skeletal
_____ is the inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds the entire _____, aka the “deep fascia”
Epimysium
muscle
_____ are the largest bundles of fibers within a muscle, surrounded by _____
Fascicles
Perimysium
_____ is a connective tissue that individually wraps a _____
Perimysium
fascicle
What makes up each individual fascicle?
Muscle Fibers/cells
_____ is a connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle _____ within a fascicle
Endomysium
fibers
Known as the “storage form” of carbohydrate, this gets deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells
Glycogen
_____: protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles
Myoglobin
_____ are the contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments _____ and _____ are contained within this structure
Myofibrils
actin, myosin
_____ are the filaments of a myofibril; and include _____ and _____
Myofilaments
actin, myosin
What are the two types of myofilaments?
Actin and Myosin
Actin and Myosin work to produce _____ _____
Mucsular contraction
_____ is the thin, string-like filament, and _____ is the thick filament
Actin, Myosin
Actin and myosin filaments form repeating sections within the myofibrils, each one of these sections is known as a _____. This structure is found between these:
Sarcomere
Z-Lines
What is found between two Z-lines?
Sarcomere
repeating sections within the myofibrils formed by actin and myosin
The meeting point of each sarcomere is known as a _____
Z-line
Define Neural activation:
Nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract
_____ _____ is the specialized sight where nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers
Neuromuscular Junction
aka Synapse
_____: a junction or small gap between the neurons and muscle cells
Synapse
aka Neuromuscular Junction
Define Motor Unit:
Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
_____ _____ is the nerve impulse that is relayed from the CNS, through the PNS, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction
Action potential
Action potential is the nerve impulse that is relayed from the _____, through the _____, and into the muscle across the _____ _____
CNS, PNS
Neuromuscular junction
_____ are chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission
Neurotransmitters
_____ is a neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction
Acetylcholine (ACh)
_____ _____ _____ is the series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.
Sliding filament theory (figure 5-42)
_____-_____ _____ the physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction
Excitation-contraction coupling (figure 5-43)
_____ _____ the myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filament past each other, shortening the muscle
Power stroke
_____ _____ is a high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body, known as the energy currency of the body
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
_____ _____ length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched
Resting length
_____ (___) _____ _____ muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue
Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers
_____ (___) _____ _____ muscle fibers that are large in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue
Type II (fast twitch) muscle fibers
___-__-_____ _____ motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate, they either contract maximally or not at all
All-or-nothing principle
_____ the smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues
Capillaries
List some characteristics of Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers:
- more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
- increased oxygen delivery
- smaller in size
- less force produced
- slow to fatigue
- long-term contractions (stabilization)
List some characteristics of Type II (fast twitch) muscle fibers:
- fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
- decreased oxygen delivery
- larger in size
- more force produced
- quick to fatigue
- short-term contractions (force and power)
