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Anatomy > 7 - Histology > Flashcards

7 - Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Define histology

A

Study of tissues

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2
Q

What are cell junctions? Where are they found?

A

 points of contact between adjacent cells - seen in epithelial tissue, some nervous and muscle cells
 formed by cell membrane proteins

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3
Q

What are the types of cell junctions?

A

Tight Junctions
Anchor Junctions
Gap Junctions

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4
Q

Describe tight junctions

A

 are a partial fusion of specific proteins on the lateral surface of the cell membrane
 form ring-like tight seal
 prevents material from passing between cells e.g. bacteria, proteins, sometimes fluid or ions (depending on the tissue)

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5
Q

Describe anchor junctions. What is an example?

A

e.g. desmosomes

 proteins that fasten cells to each other and/or extracellular material (“rivets” cells together)

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6
Q

Describe gap junctions

A

 open channels (formed by proteins) through the adjacent cell membranes interconnecting the cytosols of the cells
 allows ions/small molecules to pass from one cell to another
 tissues can then work as a unit:
o important in cardiac and smooth muscle (allows synchronization of contractions)
o also found in epithelial tissue

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7
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

 covers body surface (skin)

 lines body/organ cavities

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8
Q

What is a lumen?

A

o organ cavity = lumen (lumen is a cavity, not a layer)

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelia?

A

o has one free surface (next to blood, food, or air)
o little extracellular space between cells
o avascular – no blood vessels

o Basement membrane (division between epithelia and ct)
 extracellular layer
 attaches epithelium to underlying CT layer (formed by both tissues – “velcro”)

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10
Q

What is an epithelial layer called if it has only one layer of cells? Multiple Layers?
Flattened cells?
Square or round cells?
Tall Cells?

A

Simple, Stratified
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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11
Q

Why would epithelial cells be simple? (mono-layered)

A

 allow exchange of molecules (gasses, nutrients, etc.) – absorption/secretion

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12
Q

Where might you find a simple squamous layer?

A

Lungs

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13
Q

Where might you find a simple cuboidal layer?

A

Kidneys

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14
Q

Where might you find a simple columnar layer?

A

Stomach, Small intestine

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15
Q

Why would epithelial cells be stratified?

A

To protect from abrasion

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16
Q

Where might you find a stratified squamous layer?

A

Skin!

17
Q

Where might you find a stratified cuboidal layer? Columnar?

A

rare.

18
Q

What is a pseudostratified epithelial layer?

A

 appears stratified (nuclei at different levels), but all cells sit on basement membrane (= simple!)

19
Q

Where might you find a pseudostratified layer?

A

Respiratory tract (ciliated)

20
Q

What is a transitional epithelial layer?

A

cell shape (& layering) varies with stretching
 only in inner lining of urinary system
 cuboidal to squamous when stretched

21
Q

What is a glandular epithelia?

A

if the epithelial cells form a gland, the cell layer(s)/cell shape classification is no longer used, and we call it glandular.
Used for secretion.

22
Q

What are the subtypes of glandular epithelia?

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

23
Q

Describe Exocrine glands

A

 secrete products onto body surface or into a body cavity
 can be:
i. unicellular
 e.g. goblet cells
ii. multicellular
 consists of secretory and duct cells (ducts connect secretions to surface or cavity)
 e.g. glands: sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mammary, digestive

24
Q

Describe endocrine glands

A

 no ducts (ductless)
 secretions (hormones) into the blood
 e.g. thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone

25
Q

What are the three functions of epithelia?

A 
1)	Protection
	often stratified squamous
	e.g. epidermis of skin
2)	Secretion
	glandular epithelium
	e.g. thyroid, sweat glands
3)	Control of permeability
	typically simple epithelia
	exchange of material
	e.g. kidney, intestine, capillaries
26
Q

Define connective tissue

A

 mainly supports and connects tissues
 cells far apart, separated by extracellular matrix
o extracellular material gives CT subtypes their identifying characteristics
 variable vascularity

27
Q

What are the three CT cell types, and what are their functions? (think suffixes)

A 
o	cell names ending in:
	-BLAST – create matrix
	e.g. osteoblast, chondroblast, fibroblast
	-CYTE – maintain matrix
	e.g. osteocyte, chondrocyte, fibrocyte
	-CLAST – break down matrix
	osteoclast
28
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made of?

A

1) Fibres (proteins)
 collagen fibres (for strength)
 elastic fibres (containing elastin - allow stretch and recoil)
 reticular fibres (form networks – e.g. CT part of basement membrane)
2) Ground Substance
 unstructured material surrounding the extracellular fibres and cells
 composed of:
a) Interstitial Fluid (ISF) = part of blood plasma that leaks out of capillaries and surrounds cells
b) proteoglycans = protein + carbohydrate molecule (e.g. hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate)
3) Water

29
Q

How do we classify CT cells?

A

By their matrix

30
Q

What are the 4 classifications of CT cells?

A

CT Proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

31
Q

What defines a CT cell as being CT proper

A

 cells = fibroblasts/fibrocytes except (as well as) adipose tissue (adipocytes)

32
Q

What are the 2 types of CT Proper?

A

Loose CT

Dense CT

33
Q

What are the 2 types of Loose CT Proper?

A 
i.	areolar CT 
	loosely arranged collagen and elastin fibres surrounded by ground substance (hyaluronic acid)
	highly vascular 
	e.g. lamina propria 
ii.	adipose CT
	very little matrix
	cells large (adipocytes), store triglycerides - tissue looks like “chicken-wire” 
	highly vascular
34
Q

Define dense CT Proper and it’s types

A 
	many fibres (a.k.a. fibrous CT)
	little ground substance
	poorly vascular
	types:
i.	dense regular CT
	collagen fibres running in the same direction
	e.g. tendons, ligaments
ii.	dense irregular CT
	collagen fibres arranged irregularly
	e.g. dermis of skin
35
Q

Describe cartilage

A

 cells = chondrocytes (cells located in lacunae = cavities in the matrix) & chondroblasts
 matrix:
o fibres = collagen & elastin (proteins)
o ground substance = chondroitin sulphate, hyaluronic acid
o water
 avascular – heals slowly
 e.g. hyaline cartilage of trachea, ribs, ends of long bones

36
Q

Describe bone

A

 cells = osteocytes (in lacunae), osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
 matrix:
o fibres = collagen
o ground substance = hydroxyapatite (inorganic Ca++ and phosphate salts) and organic components e.g. proteoglycans
o water
o very vascular

37
Q

Describe blood (as a CT)

A

 cells = red blood cells (RBC) + white blood cells (WBC)

 matrix (fluid) = plasma (contains fibre proteins, ground substance, water)

38
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

1) skeletal (striated)
2) cardiac (striated)
3) smooth (non-striated)

39
Q

What are the two types of neural cells?

A

Neurons

Glial cells

Anatomy (20 decks)

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