Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > 10 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

10 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical position? What is left and right in this position?

A

Face forward, palms forward. Direction is with respect to the human, so from their vantage point left is left, and from ours left is right.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define anterior, posterior, proximal, distal, superior, inferior, medial and lateral.

A 
Anterior - To the front of the body
Posterior - To the back of the body
Proximal - Closer to the trunk
Distal - Farther from the trunk
Superior - Above
Inferior - Below
Medial - Toward the midline
Lateral - Away from the midline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?

A

Axial (80 bones) - along the midline

Appendicular (126 bones) - sidelines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the main parts of the axial skeleton?

A

a) skull
b) hyoid bone
c) vertebral column
d) thoracic cage
 sternum + ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the main parts of the appendicular skeleton?

A

 limbs + bones that attach them to axial skeleton (girdles)

a) pectoral girdle
b) pelvic girdle
c) upper limb (arm, forearm, + hand)
d) lower limb (thigh, leg, + foot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an articulation?

A

 connections between bones = articulations
o e.g. the humerus articulates with the scapula
joints are articulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the main bone groupings of the skull?

A

a) cranium – 8 bones (next to brain)
b) facial bones – 14 bones
c) auditory ossicles – 6 (3 bones on each side in the middle ears)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the cranial bones?

A

i. 1 frontal (forehead)
ii. 2 parietal
iii. 2 temporal
iv. 1 sphenoid
v. 1 ethmoid – forms superior + middle nasal chonchae
vi. 1 occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the facial bones?

A

i. 2 nasal
ii. 2 maxillae
iii. 2 zygomatic
iv. 2 lacrimal
v. 2 palatine
 2 palatine + 2 maxillae = hard palate
vi. 2 inferior nasal chonchae
vii. 1 vomer
viii. 1 mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the bones of the auditory ossicles?

A

i. incus
ii. malleus
iii. stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the hyoid bone.

A

 no articulations (joints/connections to other bones)

 attaches muscles of tongue and neck, assists in swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many vertebrae do you have?

A

26

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 5 regions of the spine?

A

a) cervical (7)
b) thoracic (12)
c) lumbar (5)
d) sacrum (1)
e) coccyx (1)
Think of meal times.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the parts of a vertebrae?

A

o body – thick anterior portion
o spinous process (1) – median posterior projection
o transverse process (2) – lateral bony projections for muscle attachment
o lamina (2) – connects the two processes
o pedicle (2) – connects body to transverse process
o vertebral foramen – hole for spinal cord
o superior + inferior articular facets – articulate with vertebrae above and below
o intervertebral foramina – exit for spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the characteristic feature of the cervical vertebrae?

A

ALL have transverse foramina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the atlas

A

C1 of cervical vertebrae
no body, no spinous process
o articulates with occipital condyle of skull
 allows nodding (“yes”) motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the axis

A

C2 of cervical vertebrae
o dens (= odontoid process)
o pivot joint around which atlas swivels
 allows shaking (“no”) motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the characteristic feature of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

 ALL articulate with ribs via costal facets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the characteristic feature of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

 support upper body weight

 ALL have large bodies & rectangular spinous processes

20
Q

What is the characteristic feature of the sacrum?

A

 = 5 fused vertebrae

 articulates with ilium (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5)

21
Q

What is the characteristic feature of the coccyx?

A 
	= 3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4
	= tailbone
22
Q

Describe the curvature of the spinal column

A

a) cervical + lumbar
 curved convex anteriorly = concave posteriorly
b) thoracic + sacrum
 curved concave anteriorly = convex posteriorly

23
Q

What are some abnormal spinal curvature conditions?

A 
a)	scoliosis
	spinal column curves laterally
b)	kyphosis
	exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)
c)	lordosis 
	exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)
24
Q

What are the parts of the sternum?

A

i. manubrium – superior
ii. body – middle
iii. xiphoid process – inferior

25
Q

Describe the ribs

A

 12 pairs total (articulate posteriorly with T1-T12)
o 7 pairs = true ribs
 attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
o 5 pairs = false ribs
 attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10) or not all = floating ribs (11, 12 – embedded in muscle)

26
Q

Describe the Pectoral Girdle

A

a) clavicle (collarbone)
 articulates with sternum (manubrium) & scapula (acromion process)
 connects axial & appendicular skeletons
b) scapula
 spine (on posterior)
 acromion process – articulates with clavicle
 glenoid fossa/cavity – articulates head of humerus
 coracoid process – attaches muscles for arm and chest

27
Q

Describe the Pelvic Girdle

A

 composed of 2 os coxae (hip bones) each with 3 bones:
a) ilium – articulates with sacrum
b) ischium – most inferior part = ischial tuberosity
c) pubis – left and right joined by pubic symphysis
 joints:
a) pubic symphysis
b) sacroiliac joint – sacrum + ilium
c) acetabulum – articulates with head of femur
 all 3 bones of os coxa join here

28
Q

Describe the Upper Limb

A

a) humerus
b) radius (lateral) / ulna (medial)
c) carpals (8) = wrist
d) metacarpals (5) = palm
e) phalanges (14) = digits (fingers and thumb)
 note: all are LONG bones (except carpals)

29
Q

Describe the Lower Limb

A

a) femur
b) patella (knee cap)
c) tibia (medial) / fibula (lateral)
d) tarsals (7)
 talus – articulates with tibia
 calcaneus = heal bone
e) metatarsals (5) = sole
f) phalanges (14) = digits (toes)
 note: all are LONG bones (except patella and tarsals)

30
Q

What two details do you need to know to differentiate the right vs the left bone in a pair?

A

o anterior/posterior

o medial/lateral

31
Q

How do you determine right vs left in the scapula?

A 
o	spine (posterior)
o	glenoid fossa (lateral)
32
Q

How do you determine right vs left in the humerus?

A 
o	olecranon fossa (posterior)
o	head (medial)
33
Q

How do you determine right vs left in the femur?

A 
o	lateral/medial condyles (posterior)
o	head (medial)
34
Q

How do you determine right vs left in the tibia?

A

o tibial tuberosity (anterior)

o medial malleolus (medial)

35
Q

What are the 8 long bone components?

A

1) diaphysis – shaft (body)
2) epiphyses – proximal and distal extremities
3) epiphyseal plate
 hyaline cartilage
 used for bone growth (length)
4) epiphyseal line
 replaces plate with bone when growth completed
 plate/line – where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet
5) medullary cavity
 red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adult
6) periosteum
 external surface
 2 layers of connective tissue
o outer = dense irregular
o inner = mainly osteoblasts + osteoclasts
 allows bone to grow in diameter
7) endosteum
 lines medullary cavity AND canals (contains osteoblasts + osteoclasts)
8) articular cartilage
 hyaline (only at articulation points)
 prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)

36
Q

What are the two types of bone connective tissue?

A

Compact Bone

Spongy Bone

37
Q

Describe the structural components of compact bone.

A 
	covers external surfaces of ALL bones
	structure:
o	composed of osteons
o	each osteon contains:
i.	Lamellae
	concentric circles of matrix
ii.	Lacunae  (with osteocytes)
	Between lamellae (space within  matrix where osteocytes live)
iii.	Canaliculi 
	small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supply and to each other
iv.	Central Canal 
	contains blood vessels and nerves
	lined with endosteum
v.	Perforating Canal 
	perpendicular to central canal
	carry blood supply from periosteum to central canals and medullary cavity
38
Q

Describe the structural components of spongy bone.

A

 structure:
o NO osteons
o have trabeculae (irregularly arranged lamellae)
o canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae
o found in:
 flat & irregular bone (e.g. skull, ribs, vertebrae)
 long bones
 epiphyses
 lining medullary cavity
o spaces contain bone marrow
 red marrow produces blood cells

39
Q

What are the two classes of classification of joints?

A

Structural and Functional

40
Q

What does the structural classification of joints look for?

A

presence of joint cavity

type of CT

41
Q

What are the types of structural joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

42
Q

Describe fibrous joints

A

 no joint cavity
 fibrous CT
 e.g. sutures in skull (fontanels in a newborn)

43
Q

Describe Cartilaginous joints

A

 no joint cavity
 cartilage attaches bones
 e.g. pubic symphysis, costal cartilages of ribs

44
Q

Describe synovial joints

A 
	e.g. shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
	structure:
•	articular cartilage (hyaline)
•	joint cavity
	contains synovial fluid
•	articular/joint capsule 
	outer layer = fibrous capsule
•	attaches to periosteum
•	may have ligaments within (capsule = thickened) or separate 
	inner layer = synovial membrane (CT only)
•	secretes synovial fluid
45
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A 
•	grouped according to shape of articulating bones
i.	plane/gliding 
	flat surfaces
	e.g. sacroiliac
ii.	hinge 
	concave/convex surfaces
	e.g. elbow, knee
iii.	pivot 
	projection in ring
	e.g. dens (on axis) in atlas
iv.	ball & socket 
	great freedom of movement
	e.g.1: humerus in glenoid fossa
	e.g.2: femur in acetabulum (hip)
46
Q

What are the functional classifications of joints?

A 
	based on:
o	degree of movement
	types of functional joints:
a)	Synarthrotic
	immovable
	e.g. skull sutures
b)	Amphiarthrotic
	slightly moveable
	e.g. pubic symphysis
c)	Diarthrotic
	freely moveable
	e.g. hip, shoulder

Anatomy (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions