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Anatomy > 3 - Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

3 - Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

List the 5 principle parts of the cell

A 
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Non-membranous organelles
Membranous organelles
Nucleus
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2
Q

Define plasmlemma

A

Cell Membrane

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3
Q

What are the parts of a cell membrane

A 
Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Membrane proteins
Membrane carbohydrates
Microvilli
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4
Q

Define the phospholipid bilayer and its function

A 
PPPPP
FFFFF
FFFFF
PPPPP
(phospholipids on the outsides, fatty acids on the inside) 
Keeps the ICF and the ECF seperated
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5
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane

A

To add stability

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6
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

Integral Proteins

Peripheral Proteins

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7
Q

What are the two types of integral proteins

A

transmembrane - spans the whole bilayer

within the membrane - spans the length of one phospholipid

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8
Q

What is a peripheral protein?

A

One that attaches to the outside of the membrane or the outside of a integral protein.

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9
Q

What are some membrane protein functions?

A
  • enzymes
  • transporters
  • channels
  • receptors
  • anchors
  • identity markers (for immune system)
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10
Q

Define membrane carbohydrates and their functions

A

found only on outside of the cell membrane, attached to either a protein (glycoprotein) or lipids (glycolipid).
• Functions:
i. cell recognition (e.g. egg and sperm)
ii. anchor cells together

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11
Q

Define microvilli and its function

A

• small projections of cell membrane
• Function:
 increase surface area
• best seen on cells of the small intestine and kidney

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12
Q

Define the Fluid Mosaic Model

A

 fluid - membrane constituents can move around (phospholipids and some proteins)
 mosaic – proteins dot surface like tiles in a mosaic

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13
Q

Define cytoplasm and its parts

A

 AREA between the inside of the cell membrane and the outside of the nucleus.
Parts:
Cytosol
Organelles

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14
Q

Define cytosol

A

gel-like intracellular fluid
 contains water, ions (e.g. K+, Na+) and a suspension of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
 may contain inclusions e.g. melanin (pigment), glycogen (stored glucose)

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15
Q

What are the two classifications of organelles

A

Membranous - not in contact with cytosol

Non-membranous - in full contact with cytosol

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16
Q

Which organelles are non-membranous?

A

Ribosomes
Centrosomes
Cytoskeleton

17
Q

Which organelles are membranous?

A

All but Ribosomes, Centrosomes, Cytoskeleton

18
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

 sites for protein synthesis

 contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) + proteins

19
Q

What do cytosolic ribosomes make?

A

proteins destined for cytosol, mitochondria, nucleus

20
Q

What do ER ribosomes make?

A

All proteins not made by cytosolic ribosomes.

21
Q

What are centrosomes and their function?

A

 dense area of cytoplasm, usually contains 2 centrioles (function uncertain - some cells lack them)
 organizes microtubules to form spindle apparatus (for cell division)
 organizes cytoskeleton

22
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and it’s function?

A

 determines cell shape (cell support)
 formed from proteins
functions:
 important in cell movement (ex flagellum), cell division, movement/anchoring of organelles + proteins (e.g. receptors, enzymes)

23
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

24
Q

Define microfilaments and their function

A 
	made of actin
	Function: 
•	muscle contraction (with myosin) 
•	cell locomotion
•	maintenance of cell shape and projections (e.g. microvilli)
•	cytokinesis
25
Q

Define intermediate filaments and their function

A

 composition is tissue specific e.g. keratin
 Function:
• support the cytoplasm (scaffolding for the cell)

26
Q

Define microtubules and their function

A 
	hollow tubes made of tubulin
	Function: 
•	form: 
a)	centrioles 
b)	spindle apparatus 
c)	cilia (short)
d)	flagella (long) 
•	structural
•	move or secure organelles in place
27
Q

Describe a mitochondion

A

 site of ATP synthesis
 contains own DNA, RNA, + proteins
 have a double membrane

28
Q

Describe the endoplasmic reticulum

A 
	membranous network throughout cytoplasm
	2 types: 
i.	Rough ER (RER)
	ribosomes attached 
ii.	Smooth ER (SER)
	lacks attached ribosomes
	continuous with RER
29
Q

What does the RER synthesize?

A
  • synthesis of secretory, lysosomal and membrane proteins
30
Q

What does the SER synthesize?

A
  • synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones
31
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

 stacks of membrane discs
 modifies (e.g. trims or adds CHO groups), sorts, packages, and delivers proteins/lipids to cell membrane, lysosomes, or for secretion (cellular post office)

32
Q

Describe lysosomes

A

 filled with digestive enzymes

 digest bacteria, viruses, worn-out organelles (clean up function)

33
Q

How many nuclei per cell?

A

0-many

0 for rbc, 1 for most, many for developing cells

34
Q

What are the parts of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Chromosomes/Chromatids

35
Q

Describe the nuclear envelope

A

 double membrane with nuclear pores (two bilayer membranes, 4 phospholipids)
 connected to ER

36
Q

Describe the nucleolus

A

 non-membranous

 dense (less light gets through) region of DNA, RNA, + proteins where ribosomes are made and assembled

37
Q

Describe chromosomes/chromatids and their various states

A

 contain DNA + histone proteins
 can be:
i. dispersed = Chromatin
 DNA uncoiled + not individually visible
 in this form MOST of the time (when cell is not dividing
 It’s a big mess of yarn so that you can read individual strings
ii. condensed + individually visible
 found in dividing cells (during mitosis/meiosis)

Anatomy (20 decks)

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