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Anatomy > 2 - Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

2 - Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Does an atom have a charge?

A

No, an ion does.

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2
Q

What are a positive and negative ion called, and does an atom gain or lose electrons to create them?

A

positive - loses electrons - cation

negative - gains electrons - anion

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3
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Ions!

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4
Q

Name the important ions.

A 
	Calcium: Ca2+
	Sodium: Na+
	Potassium: K+	
	Hydrogen: H+
	Chloride: Cl-
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5
Q

Name and describe the types of bonds.

A

1) ionic bond (ions formed) - atom to atom transfer of e-
 e.g. NaCl:
 Na loses e- = Na+
 Cl gains e- = Cl-
 the positive (Na+) and negative (Cl-) ions attract forming the bond

2) covalent bond - sharing e- between atoms
 e.g. CH4

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6
Q

Define organic substances.

A

covalently bonded carbon (C) atoms

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7
Q

Give examples of organic substances

A

carbohydrates,
proteins,
lipids
nucleic acids

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8
Q

Define inorganic substances.

A

usually lack C atoms, never have C-C bonds, but sometimes do have carbon

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9
Q

Do we have inorganic substances in the body?

A

Yes! (water)

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10
Q

What are some inorganic substances that contain carbon?

A

 H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)
 HCO3- (Bicarbonate)
 CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
 CO (Carbon Monoxide)

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11
Q

What are some of the functions of water in the body?

A

 Many reactions in the body take place in H2O = universal solvent
 Transports chemicals e.g. O2, nutrients
 Maintains body temperature (~37°C)

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12
Q

Can inorganic materials be acid? Basic?

Can organic materials be acid? Basic?

A

Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes

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13
Q

Define Acids, give an example

A

 dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions
hydrogen donors
HCl

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14
Q

Define Bases, give 2 examples

A

 substances that bind free H+ ions in H2O
hydrogen receivers
NaOH
HCO3- (bicarbonate)

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15
Q

Explain the pH scale

A

0-14, acids to bases
The more H+, the lower the pH
Logarithmic

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16
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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17
Q

Define carbohydrates and their functions.

A

 consist of C,H, and O, (a hydrated carbon)
 formula: (CH20)n [n = #]

	Functions:
a)	Source of energy for cells
	e.g. C6H12O6 (glucose)
b)	Building Cellular structures 
	e.g. DNA + RNA
18
Q

Explain the naming of carbohydrates.

A

a) monosaccharides (simple sugars)
b) disaccharides - 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together
c) polysaccharides - many monosaccharides (basic building blocks) bonded together

19
Q

Give examples of monosaccharides

A

 e.g. glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

20
Q

Give an example of a disaccharide

A

glucose + fructose = sucrose

21
Q

Give examples of polysaccharides

A

glycogen (animals), starch (plants)

22
Q

Define lipids and their functions.

A

 C, H, O (ratio different from carbs)
 Insoluble (nonpolar) in water

 Functions:

a) protect organs (padding)
b) build cell membranes
c) source of stored energy

23
Q

Give examples of lipids

A

fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids (FA)

24
Q

Name the types of lipids

A

Glycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Steroids

25
Q

Name and diagram the types of glycerides

A 
Monoglyceride - 1 FA
Diglyceride - 2 FA
Triglyceride - 3 FA
  _
|     | - FA
| G | - FA
| _  | - FA
G - glycerol
FA - Fatty Acids
26
Q

Diagram a phospholipid, and explain the properties of it’s regions

A 
_
P - |     | 
     | G | - FA
     | _  | - FA
\_\_  \_\_\_\_\_
  1        2

G - glycerol
FA - Fatty Acids
P - phosphate

Region 1 is polar and hydrophilic
Region 2 is non-polar and hydrophobic

27
Q

What does cholesterol do?

A

found in cell membranes and used to synthesize steroids

28
Q

Give examples of steroids

A

bile salts, vitamin D, hormones (testosterone, estrogen, etc)

29
Q

Define proteins and their functions.

A

 consists of C, H, O, N, (also sometimes S)
 Functions:
a) structural materials
b) enzymes, hormones, transporters
c) antibodies
d) can be used as energy, but we try not to because we don’t store proteins

30
Q

Give examples of proteins

A 
albumin
collagen (structural material)
31
Q

Explain the naming scheme of protein structures.

A 
a)	Amino acids
→	basic building blocks of all proteins 
→	use the name of the aa itself 
b)	dipeptides
→	two amino acids
c)	polypeptides
→	many amino acids
d)	protein
→	one or more polypeptides folded into its final shape
32
Q

Give an example of an amino acid

A

e.g. glycine

33
Q

Define nucleic acids

A

 consists of C, H, O, N, P
 2 forms:
a) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
b) RNA (ribonucleic acid)

34
Q

Are nucleic acids unique, or built of other components?

A

We have carbohydrates within DNA & RNA, as well as organic bases.

35
Q

Explain the structure and function of a nucleotide.

A 
	building blocks of DNA or RNA				
	each nucleotide contains:
a)	PO4- (phosphate)
b)	monosaccharide (simple sugar)
	ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA
c)	organic base:
36
Q

List the organic bases of DNA and RNA

A 
	Adenine (A)
	Thymine (T) – DNA only
	Uracil (U) – RNA only
	Cytosine (C)				
	Guanine (G)
37
Q

What bases pair with which in nucleic acids?

A

DNA
→ A to T
→ G to C

RNA
→ A to U
→ G to C

38
Q

Explain the structure and function of DNA

A

 PO4 - deoxyribose - A, T, C, or G
 Bases bind to form double-stranded helix (twisted ladder)
 alternating sugar and phosphate form “uprights”
 bases “rungs”

 Functions:
→ cellular reproduction
→ used as a template to make RNA

39
Q

Explain the structure and function of RNA

A

 PO4 - ribose - A, U, C, or G
 single stranded
 Function:
→ protein synthesis

40
Q

Explain the structure and function of ATP

A

3 PO4 groups - adenosine (ribose-adenine)
It is a modified RNA nucleotide
It stores energy in the covalent bonds between P04 groups
Breaks to form ADP and P04

Anatomy (20 decks)

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