2 - Chemical Level of Organization

Question 1

Does an atom have a charge?

Answer 1

No, an ion does.

Question 2

What are a positive and negative ion called, and does an atom gain or lose electrons to create them?

Answer 2

positive - loses electrons - cation

negative - gains electrons - anion

Question 3

What are electrolytes?

Answer 3

Ions!

Question 4

Name the important ions.

Answer 4

	Calcium: Ca2+
	Sodium: Na+
	Potassium: K+	
	Hydrogen: H+
	Chloride: Cl-

Question 5

Name and describe the types of bonds.

Answer 5

1) ionic bond (ions formed) - atom to atom transfer of e-
 e.g. NaCl:
 Na loses e- = Na+
 Cl gains e- = Cl-
 the positive (Na+) and negative (Cl-) ions attract forming the bond

2) covalent bond - sharing e- between atoms
 e.g. CH4

Question 6

Define organic substances.

Answer 6

covalently bonded carbon (C) atoms

Question 7

Give examples of organic substances

Answer 7

carbohydrates,
proteins,
lipids
nucleic acids

Question 8

Define inorganic substances.

Answer 8

usually lack C atoms, never have C-C bonds, but sometimes do have carbon

Question 9

Do we have inorganic substances in the body?

Answer 9

Yes! (water)

Question 10

What are some inorganic substances that contain carbon?

Answer 10

 H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)
 HCO3- (Bicarbonate)
 CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
 CO (Carbon Monoxide)

Question 11

What are some of the functions of water in the body?

Answer 11

 Many reactions in the body take place in H2O = universal solvent
 Transports chemicals e.g. O2, nutrients
 Maintains body temperature (~37°C)

Question 12

Can inorganic materials be acid? Basic?

Can organic materials be acid? Basic?

Answer 12

Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes

Question 13

Define Acids, give an example

Answer 13

 dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions
hydrogen donors
HCl

Question 14

Define Bases, give 2 examples

Answer 14

 substances that bind free H+ ions in H2O
hydrogen receivers
NaOH
HCO3- (bicarbonate)

Question 15

Explain the pH scale

Answer 15

0-14, acids to bases
The more H+, the lower the pH
Logarithmic

Question 16

What is the pH of blood?

Answer 16

7.35-7.45

Question 17

Define carbohydrates and their functions.

Answer 17

 consist of C,H, and O, (a hydrated carbon)
 formula: (CH20)n [n = #]

	Functions:
a)	Source of energy for cells
	e.g. C6H12O6 (glucose)
b)	Building Cellular structures 
	e.g. DNA + RNA

Question 18

Explain the naming of carbohydrates.

Answer 18

a) monosaccharides (simple sugars)
b) disaccharides - 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together
c) polysaccharides - many monosaccharides (basic building blocks) bonded together

Question 19

Give examples of monosaccharides

Answer 19

 e.g. glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

Question 20

Give an example of a disaccharide

Answer 20

glucose + fructose = sucrose

Question 21

Give examples of polysaccharides

Answer 21

glycogen (animals), starch (plants)

Question 22

Define lipids and their functions.

Answer 22

 C, H, O (ratio different from carbs)
 Insoluble (nonpolar) in water

 Functions:

a) protect organs (padding)
b) build cell membranes
c) source of stored energy

Question 23

Give examples of lipids

Answer 23

fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids (FA)

Question 24

Name the types of lipids

Answer 24

Glycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Steroids

Question 25

Name and diagram the types of glycerides

Answer 25

``` Monoglyceride - 1 FA Diglyceride - 2 FA Triglyceride - 3 FA _ | | - FA | G | - FA | _ | - FA G - glycerol FA - Fatty Acids ```

Question 26

Diagram a phospholipid, and explain the properties of it's regions

Answer 26

``` _ P - | | | G | - FA | _ | - FA __ _____ 1 2 ``` G - glycerol FA - Fatty Acids P - phosphate Region 1 is polar and hydrophilic Region 2 is non-polar and hydrophobic

Question 27

What does cholesterol do?

Answer 27

found in cell membranes and used to synthesize steroids

Question 28

Give examples of steroids

Answer 28

bile salts, vitamin D, hormones (testosterone, estrogen, etc)

Question 29

Define proteins and their functions.

Answer 29

 consists of C, H, O, N, (also sometimes S)  Functions: a) structural materials b) enzymes, hormones, transporters c) antibodies d) can be used as energy, but we try not to because we don’t store proteins

Question 30

Give examples of proteins

Answer 30

``` albumin collagen (structural material) ```

Question 31

Explain the naming scheme of protein structures.

Answer 31

``` a) Amino acids → basic building blocks of all proteins → use the name of the aa itself b) dipeptides → two amino acids c) polypeptides → many amino acids d) protein → one or more polypeptides folded into its final shape ```

Question 32

Give an example of an amino acid

Answer 32

e.g. glycine

Question 33

Define nucleic acids

Answer 33

 consists of C, H, O, N, P  2 forms: a) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) b) RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Question 34

Are nucleic acids unique, or built of other components?

Answer 34

We have carbohydrates within DNA & RNA, as well as organic bases.

Question 35

Explain the structure and function of a nucleotide.

Answer 35

```  building blocks of DNA or RNA  each nucleotide contains: a) PO4- (phosphate) b) monosaccharide (simple sugar)  ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA c) organic base: ```

Question 36

List the organic bases of DNA and RNA

Answer 36

```  Adenine (A)  Thymine (T) – DNA only  Uracil (U) – RNA only  Cytosine (C)  Guanine (G) ```

Question 37

What bases pair with which in nucleic acids?

Answer 37

DNA → A to T → G to C RNA → A to U → G to C

Question 38

Explain the structure and function of DNA

Answer 38

 PO4 - deoxyribose - A, T, C, or G  Bases bind to form double-stranded helix (twisted ladder)  alternating sugar and phosphate form “uprights”  bases “rungs”  Functions: → cellular reproduction → used as a template to make RNA

Question 39

Explain the structure and function of RNA

Answer 39

 PO4 - ribose - A, U, C, or G  single stranded  Function: → protein synthesis

Question 40

Explain the structure and function of ATP

Answer 40

3 PO4 groups - adenosine (ribose-adenine) It is a modified RNA nucleotide It stores energy in the covalent bonds between P04 groups Breaks to form ADP and P04