7. Glands: Exocrine And Specialised

Question 1

What are parotid glands and what is the structure?

Answer 1

Secrete saliva
Have striated ducts, simple columnar epithelium but nuclei not at bottom of cell
Almost totally serous (can’t see lumen on slide)
White circles of adipose tissue

Question 2

Where is the parotid gland located?

Answer 2

Just below the ear

Question 3

What is the submandibular gland?

Answer 3

Mostly serous

More mucous

Question 4

What are the 2 parts of submandibular glands?

Answer 4

Superficial and deep, separated by mylohyoid muscle

Question 5

Where is the submandibular gland?

Answer 5

Bottom of jaw, below parotid gland

Question 6

What is the sublingual gland?

Answer 6

Almost completely mucous

Mucous glands surrounded by serous glands

Question 7

Where is the sublingual gland?

Answer 7

Under the tongue

Question 8

Where do the salivary glands receive their stimuli from?

Answer 8

Parasympathetic and sympathetic ANS
Increases salivary secretion
Neural only

Question 9

What impact does the parasympathetic ANS have on salivary glands?

Answer 9

Produces large volume of water saliva rich in enzymes

Question 10

What impact does the sympathetic ANS have on salivary glands?

Answer 10

Produces small thick secretion of saliva, rich in mucus

Question 11

Describe the hepatic portal vein

Answer 11

Links the capillary bed in the stomach and intestine where nutrients and toxins are absorbed to the liver sinusoids where nutrients and toxins leave

Question 12

Describe a liver sinusoid

Answer 12

Larger than capillaries
Have large intercellular gaps to allow cells out
Have an incomplete basement membrane

Question 13

Where are sinusoids found?

Answer 13

Spleen, bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes

Question 14

What happens after blood moves into the hepatic portal venules?

Answer 14

Merges with hepatic arterioles and oxygen moves out into the hepatocytes

Question 15

What is the portal triad made up of?

Answer 15

Branch of portal vein
Branch of hepatic artery
Branch of bile duct
All surrounded by hepatocytes

Question 16

What are Kupffer cells?

Answer 16

Macrophages that move through liver sinusoids

Question 17

What is the space of disse?

Answer 17

Contains serum like fluid and separates hepatocytes from sinusoidal lumen

Question 18

What is the role of dendritic cells?

Answer 18

Pick up bacteria/fungi and present them to T cell to destroy

Question 19

What do stellate cells do?

Answer 19

Pick up and store vitamin A

Question 20

What do pit cells do?

Answer 20

Most active form of natural killer cell and kill tumour cells that enter sinusoids

Question 21

What do Kupffer cells do?

Answer 21

Trap and phagocytose any damaged or aged erythrocytes that were missed by spleen
If spleen removed, cell take over removal of 120 day old (aged) erythrocytes

Question 22

What causes liver fibrosis?

Answer 22

In liver cirrhosis, cells lose vitamin A storage capability and differentiate into myofibroblasts
Myofibroblasts synthesise and deposit collagen within perisinusoidal space

Question 23

What does the liver store?

Answer 23

Iron
Lipid soluble vitamins
Glycogen
Copper

Question 24

What is the role of liver in anabolism?

Answer 24

Major plasma proteins - albumin
Enzymes
Lipid carrier proteins
Amino acid synthesis
Haemopoeisis in fetus

Question 25

What is the role of the liver in catabolism?

Answer 25

Detoxifies drugs, poisons and toxins
Hormones
Haemoglobin

Question 26

What food hepatocytes contain?

Answer 26

Numerous mitochondria
Lots of peroxisomes
Free ribosomes
RER and SER
Golgi
Glycogen deposits