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Body Logistics > 18 Introduction To Medical Imaging > Flashcards

18 Introduction To Medical Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sagital plane?

A

If you were to cut from front to back down spine

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2
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

If you were to cut from side to side, with front and back separate

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3
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

If you were to cut and now see cross section of body

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4
Q

What are the two types of plain film imaging?

A

X-rays

Fluoroscopy

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5
Q

How do x-rays give an image?

A

Focused beam of high energy electrons
Can pass through body into receiver
Some are absorbed or scattered (attenuation)
Depends upon density and atomic number (metals)

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6
Q

What are the 5 principle densities?

A 
Black  - air
             - fat
             - soft tissue 
             - bone
White - metal
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7
Q

What gives a lighter appearance on x-rays?

A

More attenuation

More dense/higher atomic number

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8
Q

How to read a CXR using ABCDE

A 
Airways
Breathing 
Circulation
Disability (bones)
Everything else
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9
Q

How to read an AXR using ABDO

A

Air
Bowel (small and large)
Densities (bones)
Organs

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10
Q

What are the advantages of x-rays?

A

Quick
Portable
Cheap
Simple

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of x-rays?

A 
Radiation but relatively low
One plane (2D)
Would not see all pathology
Can’t visualise all areas (e.g. brain due to skull)
Poor soft tissue imaging
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12
Q

What are the uses of x-ray?

A 
Chest (infection, pneumothorax, trauma)
Bowel (dilation, perforation)
Orthopaedic
Post-procedure (tubes, pacemaker)
Dentist
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13
Q

What is fluoroscopy?

A

Examination of anatomy and motion
Uses constant stream of x-rays to give moving picture
Often enhanced by contract (barium, iodine, gadolinium)

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14
Q

What are the uses of fluoroscopy?

A 
Angiography 
Contrast GI studies
Therapeutic joint infections
Arthrograms (joints)
Screening in theatre
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15
Q

What are the advantages of fluoroscopy?

A

Dynamic studies (show how tissues work)
Cheap
Interventional procedures

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of fluoroscopy?

A

Clinician exposure must be minimised

Radiation

17
Q

How does computed tomography (CT) work?

A

Rotating gantry with X-ray tube on one side and detectors on the other
Images put together by computer
Same principle of attenuation as x-ray

18
Q

What are the advantages of CT?

A

Quick
Good spatial resolution
Can scan most areas

19
Q

What are the disadvantages of CT?

A 
Radiation
Lower contrast resolution
Affected by artefact
Requires breath holding
Overuse (fishing for diagnosis)
Incidental findings
20
Q

What are the uses of CT?

A

Diagnosis - cancer, stroke, bone injury, blood flow
Guide further tests or treatment
Monitor conditions

21
Q

Who does MRI work?

A

Strong magnetic field, aligns hydrogen atoms
Some point towards head and some towards feet (not 50/50 so unmatched ions remain)
Radio frequency pulse applied
Unmatched ions absorb energy and spin in different direction
Pulse turned off and atoms spin returns which emits energy
Computer processing to generate image

22
Q

MRI weighting

A

T1 weighting - fat is white, water is black

T2 weighting - water is white, fat is black

23
Q

What are the uses of MRI?

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord scans
Bones and joint
Heart and blood vessels
Internal organs

24
Q

What are the advantages of MRI?

A

No radiation

Good contrast resolution

25
Q

What are the disadvantages of MRI?

A 
Expensive
Time consuming
Availability
Claustrophobic
Some patients won’t fit
Loud
Need to lie still
Metalwork
26
Q

What is scintigraphy?

A 
Nuclear medicine
Injection of radio pharmaceuticals
Emit gamma rays
Highly sensitive
Functional and anatomical information
27
Q

What is positron emission tomography (PET)?

A

Radionuclides that decay by positron emission
Bound to glucose
PET camera detects annihilations (high energy gamma rays)
Hot spots - areas of high glucose metabolism
Heavily used in oncology

28
Q

What is ultrasound?

A

High frequency sound waves from transducer probe
Sound wave reflected back by tissues where density differs
Probe detects reflected sound waves

29
Q

What is acoustic shadowing?

A

Great differences in tissue density means sound is completely reflected therefore can’t see behind bone, air and stones

30
Q

What are the uses of ultrasound?

A

Solid organs - liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, thyroid, tested
Urinary tract - stones, dilation, volume
Obs and gynae- pregnancy, uterus
Musculoskeletal
Use in body cavities- transvaginal, transracial, transoesophageal

31
Q

What are the advantages of ultrasound?

A 
Lack of ionising radiation 
Low cost
Portable
Can be inserted into body cavities
Babies
Dynamic (blood flow)
32
Q

What are the disadvantages of ultrasound?

A

Operator dependent
No bone or gas penetration
Body habit us (more fat restricts view)

Body Logistics (20 decks)

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