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Body Logistics > 2 How To Examine Cells And Tissues > Flashcards

2 How To Examine Cells And Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Latin for tissue?

A

Latin word that means woven

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2
Q

How can vasculitis be indicated in cell slides?

A

Enlarged RBC

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3
Q

What is limit of resolution, d and NA?

A

Smallest distance by which two objects can be separated and still be distinguishable as two separate objects
d = limit of resolution
NA = numerical aperture - dimensionless quantity that represents different angles that lens has

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4
Q

What are the types of tissue procurement?

A

Biopsy or pipelle (sample of tissue)
Curettage (scraping of cells particularly uterus)
Removal of organ

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5
Q

What is used in fixation?

A 
Formalin solution (10% buffered)
Formaldehyde
Water
NaH2PO4
Na2HPO4
Mix
May be put in cassette
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6
Q

What are the steps of paraffin wax embedding after fixation?

A

Dehydrated in different concentrations of alcohols
Immersed in dissolved hot paraffin wax
Tissue orientated in mould, more wax added
Cool to room temp
Eased out of mould
Microtome used to slice into sections

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7
Q

What does H and E stain?

A

Haemotoxylin and eosin identifies most things in cell
Haemotoxylin stains nuclei acids blue
Eosin stains proteins, cytoplasm and extracellular matrix pink

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8
Q

What happens at the apical of an epithelial cell?

A

Often secretes sugar on surface to hold water (glycocalyx) to stop dehydration

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9
Q

How do epithelial cells stay together?

A

Anchoring proteins hold them together

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10
Q

How do epithelial cells communicate with one another?

A

Between junctions in lateral and basal surfaces

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11
Q

What is present in connective tissue?

A

Cells
Extracellular proteins/glycoproteins
Gels

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12
Q

What cells are present in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts
Chondrocytes
Osteocytes/osteoblasts/osteoclasts
Stem cells

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13
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

Synthesise collagen

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14
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

Secrete cartilage and embed in it

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15
Q

What fibres are present in connective tissue?

A

Collagen
Elastin
Reticular fibres

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16
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A 
Binding and support
Protection
Insulation
Storing reserve fuel and cells
Transporting substances within the body
Separation of tissues
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17
Q

What is the role of tight junctions?

A

Seals neighbouring cells together to prevent leakage of molecules between them

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18
Q

What is the role of adherens junctions?

A

Joins actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in neighbouring cell

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19
Q

What is the role of desmosomes?

A

Joins intermediate filaments in one cell to those in a neighbour

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20
Q

What is the role of a gap junction?

A

Allows the passage of small water-soluble ions and molecules

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21
Q

What is the role of hemidesmosomes?

A

Anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina

22
Q

What is the role of focal adhesions?

A

Anchors actin filaments in a cell to basal lamina

23
Q

Where are mucosal membranes found?

A

Lines all moist hollow internal organs

Continuous with skin at various body openings

24
Q

What do mucous membranes secrete?

A

Secretes mucus that contains mucins, electrolytes, antiseptic enzymes (lysozyme) which destroy bacteria, immunoglobulins

25
Q

What is the function of mucous membranes?

A

Stop pathogens and dirt entering body
Prevent bodily tissues becoming dehydrated
Lubricate surface

26
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa line lumen (epithelial)
Muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)
Submucosa (connective tissue with arteries and veins)
Muscularis externa (smooth muscle)
Serosa (connective tissue)
Sometimes outer layer of epithelial cells

27
Q

What is the function of the mucosa in the GI tract?

A

Absorb substances from lumen
Prevent ingress of pathogens
Move contents and expel waste

28
Q

What is the structure of the corpuscle lining?

A

Flattened

Squamous epithelium

29
Q

What is the structure of the lining of the collecting ducts?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

30
Q

What is the structure of the proximal tubes?

A

Ciliated surface

31
Q

Where is the muscle layers in the urinary tract?

A

Bladder and ureter

32
Q

What cells does the bladder contain?

A

Transitional epithelium called urothelium

33
Q

What is the role of epithelial cells in the bladder?

A

Allow for expansion
Produce mucus to protect bladder from damage by acidic urine
Tight junctions to prevent leakage to inner cell layers

34
Q

What is the structure of the urethra?

A

Squamous epithelium

Keratinised squamous epithelium at outlet

35
Q

Why do mucus glands produce mucus in the urethra?

A

Protect from toxic urine
Mucins allow things to move and slide
Stop pathogens going back up to kidneys

36
Q

What are the conducting and respiratory potions of the respiratory tract?

A

Conducting: nasal cavity to bronchioles
Respiratory: respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

37
Q

What cells are present in the pharynx?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

38
Q

What cells are present in the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

39
Q

What are the layers of the trachea and primary bronchi?

A

Mucosa - many epithelial layers, covered in cilia, thin lamina propria
Submucosa - connective tissue layer, seromucus glands produce watery mucus
Cartilage - perichondrium
No outer layer of smooth muscle

40
Q

Describe the tracheal and bronchial secretions

A

Secreted from epithelium and submucosa glands
Contain mucins and water, serum proteins, lysozymes, anti-proteases
Mucocilliary escalator moves mucus

41
Q

What epithelium are present in secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

Pseudostratified and ciliated

42
Q

When do cells first coalesce?

A

Embryogenesis

43
Q

How are cells held together?

A

Cell-cell adhesion
Extracellular matrix fibres
Internal-external scaffolding
Close proximity (pressure effects)

44
Q

What is the definition of a tissue?

A

More than 1 tissue coming together makes an organ

45
Q

What are the 3 main components of connective tissue?

A

Cells
Fibres
Ground substance

46
Q

Where are epithelial cells found?

A

Found on surface of everything and on edge of other tissues

Sometimes in clusters within other tissues (glands)

46
Q

What are the smallest and largest cells?

A

Smallest - sperm cell

Largest - oocyte

46
Q

What are nerves made up of?

A

Nerve cells (neurons) and several support cells

46
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Skeletal - striated
Cardiac - striated
Smooth - non-striated

46
Q

What is the function of muscle?

A

Contraction
Movement
Stability
Movement of tissue contents

47
Q

What are the minor functions of muscle?

A

Secrete hormones
Natriuretic factors (water balance)
Myostatins (stops heart growing)

Body Logistics (20 decks)

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