7. Ethics and Ownership

Question 1

Ethics

Answer 1

A system of moral principles that guide behaviour
based on philosophical views

Question 2

Computer Ethics

Answer 2

• Regulate how computing professionals should make
  decisions regarding professional & social conduct.
• A computing professional can be ethically guided by
  joining a professional ethical body such as the BCS
  and IEEE, which have codes of conduct.

Question 3

Ownership

Answer 3

• Data ownership: having legal rights and complete
  control over a single piece or set of data elements.
• Copyright gives the creators of some types of media
  rights to control how they’re used and distributed.
• Programming ideas and methods can be stolen by
  competitors, software can easily be copied and
  bootlegged (sold illegally) hence legislation is needed
  to protect the ownership, usage and copyright of
  data.

Question 4

Software Licencing

Answer 4

Software Licencing, The Open Source Initiative, Shareware, Commercial

Question 5

Free Software Foundation

Answer 5

• License gives user freedom to run, copy,
  distribute, study, change and improve software.
• Condition: any redistributed version of software
  must be distributed with original terms of free
  use, modification, and distribution (aka copyleft)

Question 6

The Open Source Initiative

Answer 6

• Source code of an open-source software is readily
  available to users under a copyright; does not
  enable user to re-distribute the software
• Concept of open-source program relies on fact
  that user can review source-code for eliminating
  bugs in it

Question 7

Shareware

Answer 7

• Demonstration software that is distributed for
  free but for a specific evaluation period only
• Distributed on trial basis and with an
  understanding that sometime later a user may be
  interested in paying for it
• Used for marketing purposes

Question 8

Commercial

Answer 8

• Requires payment before it can be used,
  but includes all program’s features, with no
  restrictions

Question 9

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Answer 9

• Ability of a computer to perform
  tasks in such a way that are conventionally associated
  with human intelligence:
• AI can learn from past mistakes
• They adapt to stop the same problem occurring
  again
• They learn to predict what might happen & raise
  alert

Question 10

AI can learn to work more efficiently

Answer 10

• When an action slows the system down, it can
  prevent this from happening again
• When an action increases the speed of the system,
  it can repeat this when necessary to improve
  efficiency

Question 11

AI Applications

Answer 11

• Developing autonomous mechanical products
• Machine learning through data set

Question 12

AI Impacts

Answer 12

Social:
* Replacement of manual labour with automation
could lead to massive unemployment
* However, could lead to increased leisure time

Economic: Due to increased innovation and efficiency
with automation provided by AI, there’d be lower
manufacturing costs in general

Environmental: Detrimental impact on environment
due to robot manufacture with limited resources and
its waste disposal