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Computer Science_AS > 2.1. Networks including the Internet (Continued) > Flashcards

2.1. Networks including the Internet (Continued) Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of high broadband speed / bit-rate

A
  • User has to download and display bits at same time
  • If media is of higher quality, then higher broadband
    speed needed since each “frame” is of a larger size
  • Real-time needs faster broadband speeds as
    compared to on-demand, since there are a greater
    number of users simultaneously requesting same
    data
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2
Q

Cloud Computing

A
  • Refers to the on-demand provision of computing
    services through the internet
  • Services provided include
  • Infrastructure: Storage capacity and higher
    processing power
  • Platform: Software, testing & debugging resources
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3
Q

Public cloud

A
  • 3rd-party cloud service
    provider grants access to
    multiple parties, accessible
    via a browser
  • Cloud service provider owns,
    develops and manages the
    public cloud through large
    server farms
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4
Q

Private cloud

A
  • A private cloud is owned by
    one organization and is not
    shared with any other
    organization
  • The private cloud can either
    be created and maintained
    by the organization itself or it
    can outsource these tasks to
    a third-party
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5
Q

Benefits and drawbacks of cloud computing

A

Benefits:
* Relatively less technical
knowledge required and easy
to implement
* Flexibility: Cloud Can Be
Scaled To Match The
Organization’s Growth

Drawback:
* Cannot access the
resources/data stored on the
cloud, if there are bandwidth
issues
* Poor data privacy, since there
may be data leakage in the
multi-tenant architecture
(public clouds)

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6
Q

World Wide Web (WWW)

A
  • Collection of web pages stored on websites
  • Protocols are used to transmit data across the WWW
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7
Q

Internet (Interconnected network)

A
  • Massive, open network of networks
  • Uses TCP/IP protocol, which uses IP addresses to
    identify devices connected to the internet
  • Access provided by Internet Service Provider
    Communication used: wired, radio and satellite
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8
Q

Router in a network

A
  • Connects two networks together which may operate
    on different protocols
  • Allows internal connections between LANs OR allows
    external connection from the main LAN to a WAN
  • Router acts as gateway & firewall
  • Usually will be attached to server or switch in a LAN
  • Router translates private IP addresses to public IP
    addresses AND vice versa.
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9
Q

LAN-supporting hardware

A
  • Switch: Connected to all devices in a LAN and can
    simultaneously broadcast information to all devices
  • Server: device/software provides specific function for
    computers in the network
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10
Q

Network Interface Card (NIC)

A
  • Provides each device (an end-system) in the wired
    LAN with a unique (MAC) address to uniquely
    identify it on the network
  • Allows each individual device to connect to
    network
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11
Q

Wireless Network Interface Card (WNIC)

A

Provides
each end-system of a wireless (WiFi) LAN a unique
network address to identify it.

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12
Q

Wireless Access Points (WAP)

A
  • Allows devices to connect to the LAN via WiFi
    (wireless radio communication) instead of using a
    cable
  • Usually built into router
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13
Q

Cables

A

A wired transmission medium that allows
communication in wired networks

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14
Q

Bridge

A
  • Connects two LANs which work use the same
    protocol, which can be two segments of the same
    network
  • Stores network addresses for all devices (endsystems) between the 2 networks
  • A bridge looks for the receiving device before it
    sends the message.
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15
Q

Repeater

A
  • Connects two cables
  • Regenerates the sent data signal over the same
    network before the signal weakens (attenuation)
    to prevent it from being corrupted
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16
Q

Internet-supporting hardware

A
  • Modems
  • PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
  • Dedicated lines
  • Cell phone network
17
Q

Modems

A
  • Allows a device to connect to the Internet via a
    telephone line.
  • A transmitter uses a modem to convert digital
    signals (from the transmitting device) to analogue
    signals that are then sent down the telephone
    line.
  • A receiver uses a modem on the other end to
    convert the analogue signals to digital signals so
    the receiving device can understand the data.
18
Q

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)

A
  • Refers to all telephone networks
  • Channel used between 2 endpoints for the call
    duration via circuit switching
  • Lines active even during power outage
  • Bi-directional communication
19
Q

Dedicated lines

A
  • Telecommunication path between endpoints
  • Not shared with multiple users; it’s bought/leased
  • Able to host websites as well as carry phone calls
  • Allows continuous, uninterrupted access on Web
20
Q

Cell phone network

A
  • Wireless network spread over land areas divided
    into (hexagonal) ‘cells’
  • Each cell is served by at least one base station
    (transceiver), which uses a different frequency
    range, as compared to adjacent cells, to transmit
    data
  • Larger capacity possible since same frequencies
    can be used, in non-adjacent cells
  • Radio waves are usually used for transmission
  • Can be broadcast in all directions over a wide area
  • Portable transceivers (e.g. mobile phones) are able
    to communicate and access internet via base
    stations
21
Q

IPv4

A
  • 32 bit address, split into 4
    blocks by “.”
  • Each block could have a value
    between 0 and 255 (00 to FF
    in hex).
  • E.g.255.0.1.255
22
Q

IPv6

A
  • 128 bit address divided into
    eight 16-bit blocks by “:”.
  • Each block can have 4 hex
    values ranging from 0000 to
    FFFF
  • IPv6 can be shortened by
    removing >=2 blocks
    containing solely
    zeroes
  • E.g.2001:0db8:85a3::8a
    2e:0070:7334
23
Q

IPv4 functionality

A

Each IP address has 2 parts:
* Network Identifier (netID)
* Identifies the network to which the host (device) is
connected to
* Host Identifier (hostID): Identifies the host within
the network

  • ‘Classfull’ addressing used for IPv4 where different bit
    lengths for identification and impose restrictions on
    available address
24
Q

Subnetting

A
  • Practice of dividing a network into two or more
    networks
  • IP addresses are broken down to 3 parts by not
    changing the netID but partitioning the host ID into a
    subnet ID and host ID
  • These subnet ID bits are used to identify each subnet
    within the network.
  • Subnet masks are numbers that hides (masks) the
    netID of a system’s IP address and leaves only the
    host part as the machine identifier, allowing data to
    be routed within the subnet to the appropriate host.
25
Q

Public and Private IP address

A
  • Public IP is provided by the ISP while Private IP issued
    by the LAN’s router
  • Public IP is unique and can be across the internet
    whereas Private IP is only unique within LAN and
    hence can only be accessed within LAN
  • NAT (Network address translation) required for
    private IP addresses to access internet directly.
  • Private IP more secure than public IP, since they are
    not directly accessible on the Internet and are hidden
    by NAT
  • Range of IP addresses used for private IP addressing
    can never be assigned to public IP addresses
26
Q

Static IP addresses

A
  • IP address never changes.
  • Static IP addresses are useful
    when websites need to
    remember a device for a long
    time. Eg) VPNs whitelisting
  • Faster upload/download
    speeds
27
Q

Dynamic IP addresses

A
  • IP address will change at
    regular time periods.
  • Dynamic IP address is
    relatively more secure, hence
    used where data privacy is
    important
  • Maintaining cost of dynamic
    IP address is lesser
28
Q

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

A
  • Unique reference address for the exact location of an
    internet resource on the WWW
  • Protocol: enables browser to know what protocol is used
    to access info in domain
  • Hostname: Domain name
  • Location of server: path
  • Domain Name Service (DNS)
  • Naming system used for computers or resources
    having internet connection
  • Consists of a hierarchy of DNS servers which have a
    URLs database of and their corresponding IP
    addresses

Computer Science_AS (23 decks)

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