7: early adulthood Flashcards
what is Senescence or Primary aging
The natural physical decline brought
on by aging.
what is secondary aging
Physical decline as a result of
behavioural choices, environmental
factors and disease
what is Health-adjusted life expectancy
Number of years that a newborn can
expect to live at full health, given the
morbidity and mortality conditions
what are social determinants
Life expectancy increases with income, education level and occupational status.
physical changes also include
maximum psychomotor abilities ( muscular action based directly on a mental process.)
heightened auditory acuity
where is synaptogenesis and pruning focused on in the brain
frontal lobes
brain and nervous system strengthens response inhibition, what is that
the skill of suppressing a prepotent or impulsive response.
in early adulthood, what developments do the PFC begin to go through
proper integration and regulation of function from other regions
what developments do the heart and lungs undergo
1) peak cardiovascular capacity in initial years
2) maximum oxygen uptake declines with age after 35yrs
3) blood vessels loose elasticity and face calcification
what development do reproductive capacities undergo in early adulthood
1) Fertility begins drop after 30 years in both sexes.
- men reproductive capacity drops slower
2) higher chances of miscarriage/sporadic ovulation
3) increasing risk of genetic abnormalities
what do B cells of bone marrow do
fight external threats
what does the thymus do
T cells fight internal threats
with aging, thymus gland ___
deteriorates with functioning due to weaker antibodies
with age does the body get more susceptible to disease
yes
define disability
A condition that substantially
limits a major life activity.
what is the daily minimum of exercise recommended by the CDC and what are the benefits
150 mins of moderate- intense exercise
- better cardiovascular functions
- increased muscle, ligament, and bone fluidity
- reduced osteoporosis risk
- optimal immune system
- aids in stress relief
what do early adult nutrition diet need to be comprised of
complex carbs, fibers, healthy fatty acids, proteins, micronutrients
what is the locus of control
Individual’s set of beliefs about the causes of events
what is internal locus of control
Believe that they have the
control over their own lives
what is external locus of control
Believe that they their lives are
governed by uncontrollable forces
what is the continuum of optimism to pessimism
An optimistic outlook on life has been linked to better health, enhancing effect on medications, and positive effects on immune system.
higher self efficacy is likely to lead people to (follow/reject) health advice
follow
what is Psychoneuroimmunology
study of relationship among the brain, immune system, and psychological factors
what is stress
The physical and emotional response to events that
threaten or challenge us.
what are the two stages of processing stress
1) primary appraisal
Individual’s assessment of the stressful event and it’s outcome
2) secondary appraisal
Individual’s assessment of their capabilities to cope with the stressor
define coping
The effort to control, reduce or learn to tolerate the
threats that lead to stress.
what is problem focused coping
Remedying the problematic situation directly
what is emotion focused coping
Regulating the reactions to the stressful event.
what is defensive coping
Unconscious strategies that distort the
true nature of the situation.
what are personality disorders
Inflexible pattern of behaviour that leads to difficulty in educational, occupational and social functioning
what are the list of anxiety disorders
1) generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
2) OCD
3) phobias
what are most frequent mood disorders
depression–> relies on lonliness and social failure feelings
define antisocial behavior
difficulty forming emotional attachments
- lack empathy
- little rgard to others
- self centeredness
define paranoia
suspiciousness of others behaviors and motives
emotionally guard and high sensitivity to social violations
define histrionic
irrational attention seeking behavior
define narcissistic
exaggerated sense of self importance, craving of attention, exploits other, lack of empathy
define borderline personality disorder
unstable moods and relationships
fear of abandonment
tendency for self injury
impulsive and reckless
what is post formal thought
Thinking that acknowledges that adult
predicaments must sometimes be solved in
relativistic terms
define Gisela Labouvie-Vief idea of POST FORMAL THINKING
Thinking during adulthood is
based on multiple criteria
including logic, morality,
comparison an values.
define william perry’s Dualistic thinking
Thought that goes beyond the right and wrong.
- Possible with the ability to examine multiple perspectives.
what is william perry’s realistic thinking
Take into account the socio-cultural context
what is King and Kitchner (2004 post formal thinking
Reflective judgement: Capacity to identify the underlying assumptions of differing perspectives on controversial issues
what is fluid intelligence
Intelligence resulting from mental
processing of logic, thought and
reasoning
independent from experience
what is Crystallized intelligence
Knowledge and judgement acquired
through experience and education
what is contextual part of the Triarchic theory of intelligence
problem solving occurring in every day environments
what is componential part of the Triarchic theory of intelligence
problem solving using mental abilities
what is componential part of the Triarchic theory of intelligence
problem solving with prior knowledge
what is Practical intelligence
Intelligence that is learned by
primarily observing others and
modelling their behaviour
what is Emotional intelligence
The set of skills that underlie the
accurate assessment, evaluation,
expression, and regulation of
emotions
define creativity
The combination of ideas in
novel ways
when does creativity seem to peak
30-40s
what causes higher creativity in early adulthood
increased exposure to situations
what is cognitive flexibility
the ability to shift between
frameworks of thought and action, might under
creativity.
what is the gender gap with higher education in early adulthood
women tend to attend college more than mend, trend of young adults entering higher education increases
what is hostile sexism
Overtly harmful treatment
of women
what is benevolent sexism
Stereotypical and restrictive treatment of women
what is Academic disidentification
A lack of personal identification with an
academic domain.
what is Stereotype Threat
Obstacles to performance that come from
awareness of the stereotypes held by society
about academic abilities.
what is intrinsic motivation
working for personal well being and enjoyment
what are extrinsic motivations
working for tangible rewards like money
what is Valliant’s longitudal study
showed early adults displayed lesser autonomy when starting work
- suggested that career consolidation bridges 2 of Erikson’s stages
Critics:
- studies men, doesnt contain women or liberal views
what is Ginsberg’s career choice theory
1) fantasy stage where choice is made without considering skill or opportunity
2) tentative periods where people consider a variety of options considering their abilities
3) realistic period where people explore options through experience or training
explain Erikson’s intimacy VS isolation stage
period that focuses on developing close and intimate relationships with others
what if one succeeds intimacy VS isolation stage
deep connections can be forms and can provide support during conflicts
what if one fails in intimacy and isolation stage
development of fear of relationships and may stay isolated
can lead to social frustration and confusion stage of identity VS role
define intimacy
capacity for one to engage in supportive, affectionate relationship without losing sense of self
define the labelling theory of passionate love
- cause of intense psychological arousal which can be promoted by negative emotions
differentiate between passionate VS companionate love
P: state of powerful absorption in someone
C: strong affection for those involved deeply in our lives
explain Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory
1) intimacy: feelings of closeness/connectedness
2) passionate: related to physiological motivation for closeness
3) decision/commitment: initial cognition that one loves another person and determination to maintain love
what is homogamy
tendency to choose a mate with similar traits and demographic characteristics as oneself
what is marriage gradient
tendency for men to marry younger women, smaller in size and lower in status
explain neurobiology of love
dopamine and oxytocin pathways are involved in emotional attachment
define social role theory in mate selection
mate selection is dependent on gender roles based on present day social realities
define secure attachment style
readily enter into a relationship and is supportive
define avoidant attachment style
attachment style where one is less invested and causes loneliness
define ambivalent attachment
attachment style where one is overly invested and can cause insecurity
define cohabitation
couples living together without being married
occurs when one isn’t ready for lifelong commitment but practice living with each other
define singlehood and statistics
living without an intimate partner (20% women and 30% men)
define hostile engaged couples
have frequent arguments and lack positive reactions
define validating couples
partners expressing mutual respect even when in disagreement
define avoidant couples
couples that don’t try to reach common ground or persuade each other
define hostile detached couples
fight regularly and lack affection and support
define volatile couples
couples that argue a lot but have more positive interactions
explain motherhood earnings gap
a measure of how much earnings of a mother are below those women without children
define role specialization
taking up different responsibilities in the care of a household
define post-partum depression
depression found in mothers where they suffer fluctuating moods, heightened anxety etc.
