4: Preschool years Flashcards
what is obesity in a child
when child BMI is 90% greater than average
what is an obesogenic environment
environment that contributes to obesity
what is the just right phenomenon
pre schoolers having a specific routine and ritual for their food preferences
persistence of picky eating after preschool can signal intellectual problems
what (%) of children are at risk of being obese in canada
33%
what is laterization
process by which brain functions are divided into 2 hemispheres
- promoted by maturation
what is corpus collosum
structure connects 2 hemispheres and allows for communication between them
what are gender differences in lateralization
control of language is primary in left hemispheres for boys but evenly divided for girls
- girls grasp language faster
growth of what part of the brain increases ability to store long term memories
hippocampus
what is reticular formation
associated with concentration and attentions
- improves with myelination
what is the preoperational stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory
at 2-7 years
children begin to use symbolic thinking, reasoning, and use of concepts
what are operations
organized, formal, logical mental processes
what is semiotic function
use of symbols to represent objects or concepts
what is centration
focusing on one aspect of a stimulus and ignoring others
(i.e) put dog mask on cat, they will say the animal is a dog
what is conservation
knowledge that quantity is unrelated to arrangement of physical appearance of objects
- (fill 2 different sized cups with same quantity of liquid, children will not be able to understand it is the same quantity)
what is transformation
the process with which an object in one state can change to another state
what is irreversibility
inability to understand that some objects can change and that change can be undone
what is egocentric thought
type of thinking that doesnt take into account other perspectives/viewpoints
what is intuitive thought
theories made from observational concepts
- ie) it is dark outside because the sun is sleeping
what is short term storage space (STSS)
memory held for a short amount of time
(working memory)
what is operational efficiency
max number of schemes that can be held in a working memory
what is autobiographical memory
memory of particular events or experiences in one’s own life
what are scripts
brad representations of events and the sequence of occurrence
what is metamemory
people’s self-monitoring and self-control of their own cognitive processes
what is metacognition
the knowledge and regulation of one’s own cognitive processes,
i.e.) if you can explain what your strengths are in academic writing
what is zone of proximal development
level of which people can complete a task with assistance
what is scaffolding
the support for learning and problem solving
encourages independence and growth
what is the primitive stage of vygotskys theory
mental process similar to lower animals
what is naïve psychology stage of vygotskys theory
uses language to communicate but doesn’t understand symbols
what is the ingrowth stage of vygotskys theory
complete understanding of symbols and internalized speech
what is categorical self concept
sense of self where children focus on appearance and superficial behaviours
what is social self concept
awareness of oneself in society
what is race dissonance
phenomenon where minority children indicate preference for majority values or people
what is biological perspective of gender identity
androgen presence leads to typically male behaviour
females growing in androgen dependant environment tend to follow these behaviours as well
what is social learning theory of gender identity
child mimics gender appropriate behavior to receive praise
stereotyped through individuals and media
what is cognitive perspective of gender identity
develop of cognitive framework organized by gender related info.
what is gender constancy
idea that gender is fixed and unchangeable
what is androgynous
focus on development of characteristics through both genders without specification of one sex or the other
what is functional play
at 3 years
repetitive actions that keep children active
ie) throwing ball back and forth with another peer
what is constructive play
4 years
play that involves creation and imagination
what is parallel play
children play with same toys but dont interact
what is onlooker play
watching other children play but do not engage
what is associative play
children borrowing of toys but engage with different activities
what is cooperative play
children playing with one another
what is false belief principle
ability to understand why another person would believe something to be untrue
what is baumrinds parenting style of authoritative/recipricol
high level of demand and high level of accaptance
ideal
what is baumrinds parenting style of authoritarian/power assertive
low level of acceptance and high level of command
what is baumrinds parenting style of indulgent and permissive
low level of demand and high acceptance
what is baumrinds parenting style of neglecting and uninvolved
low level of acceptance and demand
what is resilience
ability to overcome circumstances
protective factor to neglect or abuse
what is cycle of violence hypothesis
the abuse becomes abusive
what is heteronomous morality
sees rules as fixed and non changeable
(4-7) years
what is incipient morality
sees rules that apply to everyone including themselves
(7-10)
what is autonomous cooperation stage
rules can be malleable with collective agreement
what is prosocial behaviour
helping behaviours that benefit others
learn through imitation and reinforcement
what is instrumental aggression
motivated to obtain a concrete goal
what is relational aggression
non physical form of harm that hurts other peoples feelings
fast mapping
instances where new words are associated with their meaning after a brief encounter
what is private speech in infants
speech by children that is directed to themselves
what is pragmatics
language that relates to communicating effectively with others
what is psychological maltreatment
when parents or caregivers harm childrens behavioural, cognitive,emotional, or physical functioning.
- includes frightening, belittling
what part of the brain can be affected due to childhood abuse
limbic system
- includes hippocampus and amygdala
what is abstract modelling
process with which modelling paves way for development of rules or moral principles
what is emotional self regulation
capability to adjust emotions to a desired state/level of intensity
