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PSYC 223 > 3: infancy > Flashcards

3: infancy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cephalocaudal principle of growth

A

development of head before body
- vision develops before limb motor ability

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2
Q

what is proximodistal principle of growth

A

development begins at trunk before body extremities
- individual can move shoulders before distant fingers

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3
Q

what is hierarchical integration

A

simple skills develop first and then join to become complex skills

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4
Q

what is independence of systems

A

different body parts grow at different rates
- (i.e.) skeletal system reaches rate of maturity before reproductive system

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5
Q

what is synapses

A

gap connection between two neurons to communicate

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6
Q

what is synaptogenesis

A

formation of synapse

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7
Q

what is synaptic pruning

A

degradation of neurons due to lack of stimulation
- usually occurs after bursts of synaptogenesis
- increases brain efficiency

note: babies are born with more neurons than necessary

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8
Q

what is myelination

A

development of an insulating sheath around neurons to increase rate of conductivity

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9
Q

what is the cerebral cortex for

A

perception, thought, movement, language

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10
Q

what is the midbrain for

A

regulation of vital functions (respiration, circulation) attention and emotions

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11
Q

what is the cerebellum for

A

motor coordination, balance, emotions

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12
Q

define neuroplasticity

A

capacity of neurons and neural networks in the brain to change their connections and behaviour in response to new information (damage too)

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13
Q

what is awake states

A

alert–> baby is awake and focused
non alert–> awake but not focused
tend to fuss and cry

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14
Q

transition between sleep and waking

A

drowsiness, daziness

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15
Q

transition between sleep states

A

active quiet sleep transition

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16
Q

are infants capable of rem sleeping

A

no

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17
Q

how long do infants sleep in a day

A

70% of the day, discontinuous sleeping

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18
Q

what is rem sleep

A

apparent in older children and adults, associated with dreaming

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19
Q

what is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

disorder with which children die in their sleep
can be caused by suffocation, brainstem abnormalities, problem with reflexes–>babies cannot move out of obstacles that cause suffocation

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20
Q

what (%) of infants in canada die from SIDS

A

5%

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21
Q

define colic

A

when an infant cries for no reason
could be caused by: gut inflammation, migraine, lack of parental attention

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22
Q

what is the rooting reflex

A

tendency to turn towards things that touch its cheek
- 3 weeks

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23
Q

stepping reflex

A

movement of legs when held in upright position
- 2 mo.

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24
Q

what is swimming reflex

A

infant tendency to paddle or kick in swimming motion when on stomach
-4-6mo.

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25
Q

what is moro reflex

A

support of head and neck, and ability to throw hands outward as though to prevent baby from falling
- 6mo.

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26
Q

what is babinski reflex

A

baby fans out then curls feet when pressure place at palm of foot
-8-12 mo.

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27
Q

sucking reflex

A

tendency for infants to suck things

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28
Q

define ossification

A

hardening of bones

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29
Q

what are the initial signs of gross motor skils

A

infants trying to lift their heads

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30
Q

when do infants beginning rolling over

A

3.2 months

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31
Q

when are infants able to sit without support

A

6 months

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32
Q

when are infants able to walk

A

9 months

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33
Q

when do fine motor skills develop

A

around 4 months
follow sequential development

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34
Q

what are developmental milestones

A

universal age related events which signal change or growth

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35
Q

what are sex differences in developmental milestones

A

females develop wrist bones faster to develop fine motor skills
males develop faster physical ability which show preference for rough play

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36
Q

explain malnutrition effects in infancy

A

slower growth rate and cognitive advancements
infancy is critical period for nutritional uptake

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37
Q

what is infant obesity

A

infants have 20% more weight than average infant

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38
Q

what is colustrum

A

first breast milk–> provides essential nutrients for growth and immunity

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39
Q

when can infants begin eating solid food

A

by 6 months.

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40
Q

what is weaning

A

gradually stopping breast milk

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41
Q

what is preference technique to measure perceptual development

A

measuring how long a baby looks at an object–> longer glances, higher preference

42
Q

by how many months do infants develop 20/20 vision

A

6 months

43
Q

what is tracking

A

smooth movements of the eye to follow moving object

44
Q

what is infant visual deprivation

A

lack of proper visual stimulation during infancy causes anomaly in development of visual perception

45
Q

what is auditory acuity

A

how well an infant can hear sounds from a distance, better than visual acuity

46
Q

what is sound localization

A

inability to pin point direction of sound source

47
Q

when do infants begin distinguishing fine differences in sound

A

age 1

48
Q

define affordances

A

how we perceive environments as ways to afford us our needs
i.e.) chair–> offers sitting, standing, throwing

49
Q

what is multimodal perception

A

integrating information from 2+ sensory systems to perform single perception

50
Q

what do nativists argue

A

that all traits and skills are inborn

51
Q

what do empiricists arguer

A

that ability is learnt through environment

52
Q

what is object permeance

A

understanding that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen

53
Q

when is object permeance achieved

A

by 8-10 months

54
Q

what is the A not B problem

A

caused by lack of object permeance
error that occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting familiar hiding places (A) rather than the new hiding place (B)

55
Q

when is the A not B problem resolved

A

after 12-14 months `

56
Q

what is stage 1 of Piaget’s sensory motor substages

A

interaction with environment based off reflexes

57
Q

what is stage 2 of Piaget’s sensory motor substages

A

primary circular actions
infants begin combining actions and can repeat actions they find interesting

58
Q

what is stage 3 of Piaget’s sensory motor substages

A

secondary circular actions
infants begin repeating activities through trial and error (exploration)

children begin IMITATION
but not object permanence

59
Q

symbolwhat is stage 4 of Piaget’s sensory motor substages

A

coordination of secondary circular actions
infants show goal oriented behavior (& problem solving)

IMITATION,
OBJECT PERMANENCE (a not b error)

60
Q

what is stage 5 of Piaget’s sensory motor substages

A

tertiary circular reactions
exploration of consequence
learn how to manipulate objects–> experimental behaviour

imitation, object permanence, and a not b problem is visible

61
Q

what is stage 6 of Piaget’s sensory motor substages

A

beginning of thought
uses mental representation–>pretending as well

imitation, object permanence, a not b problem (resolved) is present

62
Q

what is assimilation

A

using existing schema to understand new information

63
Q

what is accommodation

A

changing existing schema to take in new info

64
Q

what is information processing theory

A

includes encoding , storage, and retrieval of info
- capacity of storage remains constant in life

65
Q

what is automatization

A

degree to which an activity requires attention
note: infants require a small amount of automatization / it increases with age

66
Q

what is infantile amnesia

A

missing memory of what occurs after 3 years

67
Q

what influences how long a memory lasts

A

how long exposure to a stimulus lasts
note: retrieval of info improves with age

68
Q

what is implicit memory

A

recalled involuntarily/conscious
- activity from CEREBELLUM

69
Q

what is explicit memory

A

conscious/ recalled voluntary
- activity from HIPPOCAMPUS and CEREBRAL CORTEX

70
Q

what is the development quotient (DQ)

A

overall development score built off performance in multiple domains

71
Q

what is language competence

A

how well and individual can use language (improves with age)
- language comprehension develops before production

72
Q

what is phonology

A

basic sounds used together to form sentences

73
Q

what are morphemes

A

smallest meaningful unit of language

74
Q

what are semantics

A

rules that govern language to form meaningful sentences
- ie) grammar

75
Q

what is babbling

A

meaningless speechlike sounds
occurs 2-3 months

76
Q

when are first words generally spoken

A

9-14 months

77
Q

what are holophrases

A

one word utterances that represent entire phrases
- transition between babbling and first words

i,e) mai for ayah means food or water in different contexts

78
Q

what is overextension

A

using words too broadly
(saying dog for every 4 legged animal)

79
Q

what is underextending

A

using words too restrictively
(saying dog for only your dog but no other dog)

80
Q

what is telegraphic speech

A

words where non critical words are omitted
“doggie bye bye”

81
Q

what is the learning theory

A

language learnt through reinforcement and conditioning

82
Q

what is the nativist theory

A

idea that language is an innate ability

83
Q

what is the interactionalist theory

A

that language is learnt by a combination of innate ability and environmental influences

84
Q

what is infant directed speech

A

type of speech directed towards infant
slower, simple language

85
Q

what is non verbal encoding

A

expressing emotion without understanding of why

86
Q

when do babies express smiling

A

6-9 weeks at pleasant stimuli
18 months at primary caregivers

87
Q

when do babies begin interpreting emotion

A

4 months

88
Q

when does self awareness occur

A

emerges by 1 year old

89
Q

what is the subjective self

A

understanding of being a separate person who can experience and act on environment

90
Q

what is objective self

A

concept of an individual being defined by certain characteristic

91
Q

what is emotional self

A

identifying changed in own or other emotions

92
Q

what is the theory of mind

A

knowledge and beliefs about how the world works
at 18 months– infants gain a sense of goals and intentions
at 2 years– infants understand others have different beliefs

93
Q

what is goodness of fit

A

degree of match between children’s temperament and environment

94
Q

what is referential style of language

A

style of language used to primarily label objects

95
Q

what is expressive style of language

A

a style of language in which its used to express feelings and needs about oneself

96
Q

what is language acquisition device (LAD)

A

neural system of brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language

97
Q

what is avoidant attachment pattern

A

where child has avoidant behaviour towards mother–> they do not seek her presence

98
Q

what is ambivalent attachment pattern

A

children display a mix of positive and negative attachment patterns with the mother

99
Q

what is disorganized and disoriented attachment pattern

A

style of attachment that is inconsistent and unpredictable towards mother

100
Q

what is trust vs mistrust stage

A

period where infants either develop trust or mistrust with their environment
- depends if their needs are met by their caregivers

101
Q

what is autonomy vs shame and doubt stage

A

period (18-3 years) where children develop independence (given the freedom to explore)
or self doubt ( given they were restricted and over protected)

PSYC 223 (6 decks)

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