5: Middle Childhood Flashcards
what factors influence height
-nutrition
-health conditions (illnesses/stresses that restrict growth)
(stress hormones impact pit. gland which impedes release of growth hormone
-racial and ethnic differences
which sex grows faster, what are the average heights of boys and girls
females grow faster
avg height of girls= 4’11
avg height of boys= 4’ 9.5
how does adequate nutrition effect cognitive, emotional, and social development
cognitive: attentiveness, more responsiveness
emotional: better emotional regulation
social: prosocial behavior
what can obesity lead to
heart conditions, low self-control practice, respiratory problems
why do middle childhood children see a reduction in activity levels
- tendency to socialize indoors
- increased screen time
- increased snacking habits
explain motor development of children in middle childhood
increased muscle coordination/ dexterity
- sex difference: women become more accurate in movement, men increase in forcefulness of activity
caused by increased myelination of motor neurons
what is selective attention
ability to focus on important elements of a problem or situation
increased myelination of reticular function– enhances attention
what is association areas
regions of the brain where sensory, motor, and intellectual functions are linked
what is spatial cognition
ability to infer and make predictions about movement of objects in space
- boys have tendency for exploration/construction which can help in development of spatial cognition
what is spatial perception
skill to identify relationships between objects in space
improved with improved spatial cognition
where does development focus on in the brain during middle childhood
development focused on frontal lobes of cerebral cortex
- improves attention, logic, and planning
what is asthma
chronic condition with periodic attacks of respiratory issues
- can be caused by allergies, poor air quality, and stress
which sex is likely to frequent accidents
boys
- frequently automobile accidents due to improper road safety
explain cyber safety
exposure to media can lead to viewing of dangerous material/ loss of privacy
- parental supervision is encouraged
what percentage of psychological issues do children have // what are the treatments
-depression
-anxiety
depression–> 5%
anxiety –> 13%
treatments
- counselling
- antidepressants
what are potential risks of anti depressants for children
withdrawal, overdosing, self harming tendency
what is the acuity of blindness
acuity= 20/200
what is the acuity of partial sightedness
acuity= 20/70
what is childhood onset fluency disorder
a disruption is fluency of speech
- stuttering can cause low self esteem
what is dyslexia , what is the cause
problems with reading and writing,
- involves lack of morphological awareness (ability to understand words)
- structural/functional differences in brain
what is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, what are the causes and treatments
mental disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, and high levels of activity
- caused by delay in neural development
- treated with Ritalin/dextrine/behavioral therapy/dietary routines
what % of boys and girls have adhd in canada
boys= 3.7%
girls= 1.5%
what is decentering- what piaget stage is it associated with
ability to take in multiple aspects
ability to understand concepts of speed, time and distance
- concrete operational stage
what is reversibility- what piaget stage is it associated with
understanding that some changes can be undone
- congrete operational stage
what is inductive logic
type of reasoning where general principles are inferred from specific cases
what is deductive logic
Type of reasoning based on hypothetical premises, requires predicting specific outcomes from general principles
what is class inclusion
understanding that subsets are included in larger categories
what is horizontal decalage
slow shift from preoperational stage to concrete operational stage
explain some evidence that goes against piagets theories of logical development
1) some children show that logical abilities emerge earlier than piagets predictions
2) training in language development can change how children perform of piagets tests
(training–> perform better logic than without training)
what is rule 1 of sieglers rules for problem solving
preoperational stage:
taking into account 1 dimension
what is rule 2 of sieglers rules for problem solving
transitional stage:
take into account some part of other dimensions
what is rule 3 of sieglers rules for problem solving
concrete operational stage
take into account multiple dimensions with some limitation
what is rule 4 of sieglers rules for problem solving
operational thought
understanding how all dimensions play a role in the problem
what is automaticity
recalling information from long term memory without using short term memory
what is rehearsal with reference to information processing approach
repetition of info
what is organization with reference to information processing approach
grouping ideas into categories
what is elaboration with reference to information processing approach
Find a shared meaning or link
between objects to be
remembered
what is systematic research with reference to information processing approach
scanning one memory using bits pf info
what are mnemonics with reference to information processing approach
a musical device used to remember info
what is vygotsky’s approach of cooperative learning
children work in groups to achieve a common goal
what is vygotsky’s approach to reciprical learning
technique of teaching involving students to take on teachers role
how much does vocabulary increase between 9-11 years old
19,000
what is intonation
tone of a sentence implying a particular meaning
what is metalinguistic awareness, by what age do children develop it
an understanding of one’s own language
- 7/8
6-8 year olds use a form of private speech to practice ____
self-control
what % of canadians are both english and french
17%
bilingualism leads to increased …
cognitive flexibility,
response inhibition,
creativity
what is the 0 stage of reading
0-1st grade
letter identification
what is the 1st stage of reading
1st- 2nd grade
phonological skills
what is the 2nd stage of reading
2nd- 3rd grade
read with fluency but don’t understand meaning entirely
what is the 3rd stage of reading
4-8 grade
uses reading as a tool but cant accommodate multiple perspectives
what is the 4TH stage of reading
8+ grades
huge vocabulary and comprehension skills
what is the code based approach of teaching to read
focus on individual underlying components of reading
- systemic phonics
- guided reading
what is systematic phonics
Beginning with simple
letter-sound
correspondence and then
moving ahead
what is guided reading
Teacher
helps children in small
groups read out aloud
what is whole language approach to teaching reading
Looks at reading as a natural
process that can be acquired
through stories, poems,
guessing meanings
what are achievement tests
designed to assess specific information learn in school
- compares child to peers
what are assessments
formal and informal methods used for promoting children learning
- helps students find ways to improve
what is evaluation
assigning a grade to a child’s most consistent level of performance
- compares performance with age appropriate provincial standards
what is the binet test
test that corresponds with academic performance, used to distinguish between slow and fast learning
what is stanford binet test
series of age appropriate items that ask about every day activities
how do you calculate Intelligent score
IQ= MA (mental age)/ CA (chronological age)
what is chronological age
actual age
what is mental age
typical intelligence found for people at a given chronological age
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
score broken into a verbal and non verbal skills
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
test the ability to integrate different kinds of stimuli and use sequential thinking
what is fluid intelligence
ability to solve problems with reason and logic
what is crystallized intelligence
ability to solve problems using accumulated experience, knowledge, and skill
what is componential intelligence in the Triarchic theory of intelligence
intelligence focused on logic, abstract thinking, verbal skills, and mathematical skills
what is experiential intelligence in Triarchic theory of intelligence
using existing knowledge and skills in order to deal with new problems/situations
what is contextual intelligence in the Triarchic theory of intelligence
information one gains from analyzing new content and how people interact in it.
what factors can influence IQ
- culture
- variations of language
- gene X environment interaction
- socioeconomic factors
what IQ is mid intellectual disability
IQ= 55-70
can function independently and successfully
what IQ is moderate intellectual disability
IQ= 35-50 / 40-55
slow language and motor development, low progress after 2nd grade
what IQ is severe intellectual disability
IQ= 20-40
major speech impairment and requires high care
what IQ is profound intellectual disability
IQ< 20
major speech impairment
needs high level of care
what does it mean when one is gifted and talented
high performance in intllect, creativity, and specific academic fields
what is the psychological self
understanding that an individual can be viewed in terms of certain psychological traits
what is a trait
stable pattern of responding to specific situations
what is extraversion
active, outgoing, and enthusiastic
what is agreeableness
affectionate, forgiving, kind, sympathetic, trusting
what is conscientiousness
efficient, organized, prudent, reliable, and responsible
what is neuroticism
anxious, self pity, tense, touchy, unstable, worrying
what is openness/intellect
artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, original
what is reciprocal determinism
Emotional/cognitive, behavioral and environmental
factors interact to influence self competence
define Self-Esteem
An individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self evaluation
- can be promoted by authoritative parenting w constructive criticism
define Self-efficacy
An individual’s belief in their capacity to execute intended actions
what is Social identity theory
explains how being a
racial minority potentially affects self esteem.
what is Piaget’s moral realism stage
Children believe that rules are fixed and unchangeable
what is Piaget’s moral relativism stage
Children believe that rules can be changed through
social agreement
what is stage 1 Preconventional Morality
Obedience and punishment orientation
what is stage 2 Preconventional Morality
reward orientation
what is stage 1 of conventional morality
good boy morality
what is stage 2 of conventional morality
Authority and Social order maintaining morality
what is stage 5 Postconventional morality
Morality of contract, individual rights and law
what is stage 6 Postconventional morality
Morality of individual principles and conscience
what is stage 1 of Damon’s Stages of Friendship
friendship based on others behavior
- shared interests and toys
- 4-7 years
what is stage 2 of Damon’s Stages of Friendship
friendship based on trust
- children take into account qualities and reciprocal trust
- 8-10 years
what is stage 3 of Damon’s Stages of Friendship
friendship based on psychological closeness
- based on closeness, loyalty, and mutual understanding
- 11-15
what is social competence
Social skills that permit individuals to
perform successfully in a social setting
what is social problem solving
Using strategies to successfully solve
social conflicts
what is learned helplessness
Unpopular children may feel trapped in their situation
what is physical bullying
physical harm of victims
what is relational bullying
attack on child’s self esteem or reputation
what is cyber bullying
spreading malicious information about victims online
bullying victims tend to
have lower social skills, face anxiety, and suffer from mental health issues
bullies tend to come from
abusive homes
low socioeconomic status families
tendencies for lying
what is Dominance Hierarchy
Ranking that represent the
relative social power of
those in a group
what is self regulation
The ability to control behaviour
according to to appropriate
standards without direct supervision
what are self care children
Those who take care of
themselves in while parents are at work.
what is Free-range parenting:
: Parenting style that
encourages children’s independence by
giving them autonomy
how does poverty effect children
- poor academics
- increased stress
-unsupportive parenting - susceptibility to chronic disease
