6: adolescence Flashcards
describe physical maturation during adolescence
puberty occurs
- period with which sexual organs mature and sexual characteristics appear
what is the physiological process of puberty
pituitary gland signals brain then endocrine glands (in adrenal gland)
- produces androgens, estrogen, and leptin (GH)
- pituitary gland also involved in growth
what is menarche
onset of mensuration
what can cause early menarche
better nourishment, higher body fat, and psychological stress
what is secular trend
trend of the early onset of puberty
pattern of change that occurs over several generations
what are primary sexual characteristics in girls
development of reproductive organs and related structures (ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes
what are secondary sexual characteristics in girls
visible signs of maturity that aren’t directly related to sex organs
- hair growth, breast development
what is spermarche
the first ejaculation of a maturing boy
what are primary sexual characteristics of boys
prostate glands, penis, and seminal vesicles
what are secondary sexual characteristics of boys
facial hair, vocal chords, jawline development.
what are common reactions to puberty in adolescence (males and females)
- increase in self awareness and self esteem
- increased body fat may lead to embarrassment
- early maturation in boys often has a + response in comparison to girls
- societal standards of attractiveness can lead to body image issues in youth
what is early maturation vs late maturation in boys associated with
-early: scholastic difficulties and delinquent tendencies
- late: insightfulness, creativeness, smaller frame (disadvantageous in sports)
what is early maturation vs late maturation in girls associated with
early: feelings of discomfort or increase in popularity
late: girls tend to be overlooked in popularity and dating
how does the skeletal system develop during adolescence
in girls:
grow the most by 16 and facial structures become more prominent
how does the heart and lungs develop during adolescence
- heart and lung size increases (larger lung capacity in boys)
- obesity rates increase from 3% - 10%
how does the muscular system develop during adolescence
- muscles grow thicker and denser
- more strength
- development of fine motor skills occur earlier than boys
how does the brain and nervous system develop during adolescence
- synaptogenesis/ synaptic pruning occurs at slow rates
- grey matter volume peaks in girls
- white matter increases steadily
what changes occur in the adolescent brain
prefrontal cortex is still developing
- corpus collosum/ speech areas increase in volume
- limbic system is more developed
- lack of self regulation (of emotions/behaviours)
what can obesity cause
- what are the obesity stats in Canada
- can cause high BP, diabetes, and cardiovascular issues
- 20% of 12 year olds are overweight
- 10% are obese
what is anorexia nervosa and what are the stats in Canada
- eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat
- 0.5% - 5% of females in Canada develop anorexia
what is bulimia nervosa and what are the stats in Canada
- eating disorder (binge eating/purging)
- 1-4% females and young adults have bulimia
what is sleep deprivation
what are consequences
what are Canadian stats
- deprivation of sleep due to social or academic pressure
- can cause mood swings, low concentration, and higher rates of depression
- 13% suffer of insomnia in Canada
what drug is commonly used in adolescence,
what age does drug use typically arise
what are the consequences
marijuana is common in high school and above
typically arises from 13-14 years of age
- withdrawal effects, cognitive deficits, and deaths can be consequences
what is the stat of alcohol consumption in adolescence
what are the consequences of alcoholism
11-17% of 16-17 yr olds
alcohol dependency can aggravate its neurotoxic
effects;
- reduces tissue volume from PFC and cerebellum
- Impaired cognitive functioning and motor coordination.
In girls, sexual activity tends to show ___ interest in academics
lower
what percentage of early and mid adolescents are sexually active in Canada
30%
what percentage of alcohol consumption is associated with sexual activity
22%
what are STI’s
infection spread through sexual contact
what are infection rates of STIs in females
18/1000
what are some common STIs
1) HPV
2) Chlamydia
3) Genital herpes
d) AIDS
what is formal operational thinking
period with which people develop ability to think abstractly
what is systematic problem solving
the process of finding a solution to a problem by finding single factors
what is propositional thought or hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Thought that uses abstract
logic in the absence of
concrete examples.
what is metacognition
increased working memory capacity enables multitasking
- strategically organize and summarize information better in memory
what is imaginary audience
Belief that an adolescent’s own
behaviour is the focus of other
people’s attention.
what is adolescent egocentrism
- self absorbed state of mind (world viewed from their POV)
- selfish decisions
what are personal fables
The view held by adolescents
that their experiences are
completely unique
what is a task goal
- standards and desire to be more competent
what are ability goals
- desire to be better at something relative to others
what are cognitive skills
faster information processing
better abstract thinking
what is socioeconomic status influence of school performance
higher SES associated with better learning resources–> better learning
how do ethnic and racial differences influence school performance
Being a marginalized
minority might affect
motivation levels to
attend school.
how does gender influence school performance
- girls outperform boys in reading skills
- boys outperform girls in math skills
what is program for international student assessment (PISA)
A world-wide assessment of
how well 15-year olds can apply
their academic ability to solve
real-life problems
how does the self influence self esteem
relies on physical appearance, state, mental ability, personality, aspirations
how do relationships influence self esteem
how parents, siblings, family, friends, partners, teachers influence how one see’s themselves
how does school influence self esteem
relies on marks, homework/study, school, post school plans
how does lifestyle influence self esteem
relies on habits of exercise, relaxing, eating/drinking, sex, entertainment, etc.
how do achievements influence self esteem
achievements in school, work, sports, artistic abilities, finances
what is ethgender
the joint influence that ethnicity and gender have on self esteem
define androgynous
when one exhibits high femininity and masculinity
define feminine
when one exhibits high femininity but low masculinity
define masculine
low femininity but high masculinity
define when gender roles are undifferentiated
low femininity and masculinity
what is psychological moratorium
when adolescents pause the process of exploring roles to take up adult responsibilities
define Erikson’s identity and confusion stage
teenagers make choices to adopt roles in society and failure to conform to one may lead to confusion and emotional stress. (non-unified identity)
what emerged is there is success with eriksons identity vs confusion stage
growth in self competence
increased independence
helps decide career paths
what is adultification
child or adolescents prematurely take on adult responsibilities
what is emerging adulthood
transitional age between adolescents and adulthood where individuals are still exploring life
what is cultural assimilation model
individual cultural identities should be assimilated into a unified culture
what is a pluralistic model
society is made of different cultural groups retaining their individual features
what is bicultural identity
group members can integrate themselves into another culture while maintaining a multi-faceted identity
what is spirituality
sense of attachment to a higher power
what allows for abstract thinking of religion and God
advanced cognitive skills
what is James Fowlers suggested stages of spirituality
the literal view of god–> individuate/reflective stage–> conjunctive stage (mid-life crisis)
what is anxiety disorder
conditions where individuals suffer from unwarranted anxiety which impedes on normal functioning
describe depression in adolescents
more comment in girls
- major source comes from low body-esteem
- academic achievement and depression share a recipricol relationship
what is suicide ideation
thoughts of suicide
what are the gender differences in suicide
suicide attempts are higher in females,
successful suicides and higher in males
what is cluster suicides
once suicide leads to attempts of suicide by others
define autonomy
having independence/ control over ones life
do collectivist cultures have more or less emphasis on autonomy
less–> tend to follow a hierarchy in family tree
what is the generation gap myth
deep divide in attitudes and values between 2 generations
- although most adolescents mirror parental choices
what is social comparison
comparing and evaluating opinions/abilities/physical changes with others
what are reference groups
group of people with whom one compares oneself
- compare their lives with peers according to norms
what are cliques
groups of 2-12 members who have frequent social interaction
what are gender relations
early adolescence
–> sex segregation
later adolescence
–> fairly mixed gender
Undersocialized Delinquents
adolescents who were raised with little discipline or by harsh parents
- tend to be rejected by peers, may be agressive
Socialized Delinquents
Delinquents who know and subscribe to norms of society, and have a fairly normal psychological profile.
- petty crimes that disappear with age
