7: Considering Your Reproductive Choices Flashcards
a person’s ability to reproduce
fertility
methods of preventing conception
contraception
fertilization of an ovum by a sperm
conception
any method that reduces the likelihood of conception or childbirth
birth control
number of pregnancies per 100 users that are likely to occur in the first year if a particular birth control method is used consistently and correctly (the ideal)
perfect-use failure rate
number of pregnancies per 100 users that are likely to occur in the first year if a particular birth control method is not always used consistently or correctly (the reality)
typical-use failure rate
contraceptive methods that block the meeting of egg and sperm by means of a physical barrier (condom), a chemical barrier (spermicide), or both
barrier method
contraceptive methods that introduce synthetic hormones into a woman’s system to prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or prevent a fertilized egg from implanting
hormonal methods
contraceptive methods in which a device is inserted into the uterus to either introduce synthetic hormones or interfere with sperm movement or egg fertilization
intrauterine methods
preventing pregnancy through temporary or permanent abstinence or planning intercourse in accordance with fertility patterns
behavioral methods
surgically altering a man or woman’s reproductive system to permanently prevent pregnancy
permanent methods
infectious diseases caused by pathogens transmitted through some form of sexual contact
sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
a substance that kills sperm
spermicide
a single-use sheath of thin latex that or other material designed to fit over an erect penis and to catch semen on ejaculation
male condom
a single-use nitrile sheath for internal use during vaginal intercourse to catch semen on ejaculation
female condom
a thin film infused with spermicidal gel that is inserted into the vagina so that it covers the cervix
vaginal contraceptive film
a cup-shaped latex device that is designed to cover the cervix and block access to the uterus - should always be used with spermicide
diaphragm
rare, potentially life-threatening disease that occurs when specific bacterial toxins multiply and spread to the bloodstream, most commonly through improper use of tampons, diaphragms, or cervical caps
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
small cup made of silicone that is designed to fit snugly over the entire cervix - should always be used with spermicide
cervical cap
contraceptive device containing nonoxynol-9 and made of polyurethane foam that fits over the cervix to create a barrier against sperm
contraceptive sponge
pills containing synthetic hormones that prevent ovulation by regulating hormones
oral contraceptives
a patch that releases hormones similar to those in oral contraceptives - each patch is worn for 1 week
Xulane
a soft, flexible ring inserted into the vagina that releases hormones similar to those in oral contraceptives - each ring is worn for 3 weeks
NuvaRing
injectable hormonal methods of birth control that last for 3 months
Depo-Provera / Depo-subQ Provera
a plastic capsule implanted in a woman’s upper arm that releases a low dose of progestin to prevent pregnancy
Nexplanon (Implanon)
a T-shaped device that is implanted in the uterus to prevent pregnancy
intrauterine device (IUD)
a contraceptive method that involves pulling the penis out of the vagina before ejaculation (coitus interruptus)
withdrawal
a square of latex that is used as a barrier between the mouth and a woman’s genitals to protect from vaginal fluids
dental dam
several types of birth control that require alteration of sexual behavior rather than chemical or physical intervention in the reproductive process
fertility awareness methods (FAMs)
drugs taken within 3 to 5 days after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy
emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs)
permanent fertility control achieved through surgical procedures
sterilization
sterilization of a woman that involves cutting and tying off or cauterizing the fallopian tubes
tubal ligation
surgical removal of the uterus
hysterectomy
male sterilization procedure that involves cutting and tying off the vasa deferentia
vasectomy
termination of a pregnancy by expulsion or removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus
abortion
an abortion technique that uses gentle suction to remove fetal tissue from the uterus - AKA vacuum aspiration
suction curettage
an abortion technique that uses a combination of instruments and vacuum aspiration
dilation and evacuation (D&E)
a late-term abortion procedure in which the body of the fetus is extracted up to the head and then the contents of the cranium are aspirated
intact dilation and extraction (D&X)
termination of a pregnancy during the first 9 weeks using hormonal medications that cause the embryo the be expelled from the uterus
medical abortion
genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome that results in mental disabilities and distinctive physical characteristics
Down syndrome
medical care received before becoming pregnant that helps a woman assess and address potential health issues
preconception care
a hormone that is detectable in blood or urine samples of a mother within the first few weeks of pregnancy
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
one of three 3-months phases of pregnancy
trimester
the fertilized egg from conception through the eighth week of development
embryo
the developing human from the ninth week until birth
fetus
a network of blood vessels connected to the umbilical cord that transports oxygen and nutrients to a developing fetus and carries away fetal wastes
placenta
causing birth defects - may refer to drugs, environmental chemicals, radiation, or diseases
teratogenic
a pattern of birth defects, developmental disabilities, and behavioral problems in a child caused by the mother’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
a disease caused by an organism found in cat feces that, when contracted by a pregnant woman, may result in stillbirths or birth defects
toxoplasmosis
a common prenatal test that uses sound waves to create a visual image of a developing fetus
ultrasonography (ultrasound)
a prenatal test that involves snipping tissue from the fetal sac to be analyzed for genetic defects
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
a common maternal blood test that can be used to identify certain birth defects and genetic abnormalities in a fetus
triple marker screen (TMS)
a medical test in which a small amount of fluid is drawn from the amniotic sac to test for Down syndrome and other genetic abnormalities
amniocentesis
the protective pouch surrounding the fetus
amniotic sac
a surgical birthing procedure in which the baby is removed through an incision made in the mother’s abdominal wall and uterus
cesarean section (C-section)
a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and edema
preeclampsia
loss of the fetus before it is viable - AKA spontaneous abortion
miscarriage
a dangerous condition that results from the implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube
ectopic pregnancy
death of a fetus after the twentieth week of pregnancy but before delivery - “born dead”
stillbirth
mood disorder experienced by women who have given birth - involves depression, fatigue, and other symptoms and may last for weeks or months
postpartum depression
the inability to conceive after trying for a year or more
infertility
a disorder in which the endometrial tissue establishes itself outside the uterus
endometriosis
inflammation of the female genetic tract that may cause scarring or blockage of the fallopian tubes, resulting in infertility
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
a sperm count below 20 million per milliliter of semen
low sperm count
a fertilization procedure in which semen from a partner or donor is deposited into a woman’s uterus via a thin tube
alternative insemination
fertilization of an egg in a nutrient medium and subsequent transfer back into the mother’s body
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
