7. ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

Question 1

main reasons for failures in AB treatment-infection is caused by resistant strain

Answer 1

antibiotics are not effective

Question 2

main reasons for failures in AB treatment-transfer of resistant gene from one

Answer 2

bacteria to another, from one bacterial generation to another

Question 3

main reasons for failures in AB treatment-treatment without

Answer 3

bacterial diagnosis, disease can be caused by virus or there is no infection at all

Question 4

antimicrobial resistance adaptation of

Answer 4

microbes to substances that are harmful to the,

Question 5

antimicrobial resistance is caused as result of

Answer 5

selection or adaptation

Question 6

resistant population of microbes will remain

Answer 6

after EACH antibiotic treatment

Question 7

resistance is capable of

Answer 7

passing from one generation of bacteria to next and from one type of bacteria to another

Question 8

distribution of resistance , transfer of resistant microbes

Answer 8

-from animal to animal
-from human to human
-from animal to human
-from human to animal
-via environment
-via food, feed, drinking water

Question 9

antimicrobial resistance is an

Answer 9

'’one health’’ problem

Question 10

AMEG ABs classification A

Answer 10

-AVOID!
-used in humans
-ex. Carbapenems (meropenem), Lipopeptides, Sulfones, Glycopeptides, Glycocyclines

Question 11

AMEG group B

Answer 11

-RESTRICT!
-last choice when another AB not work
-Cephalosporins 3-4th generation, polymyxins: colistin, Quinolones

Question 12

AMEG group C

Answer 12

-CAUTION!
-not first choice
-Aminoglycosides (except spectinomycin), aminopenicillins, cephalosporins 1st and 2nd generation, Macrolides (erythromycin)

Question 13

AMEG group D

Answer 13

-PRUDENCE!
-1st choice
-Aminopenicillins, without beta-lactamase inhibitors (amoxicillin), tetracyclines, natural-narrow spectrum PENICILLINS, aminoglycosides, steroid antibacterials

Question 14

points emphasized in AMR guidelines

Answer 14

-use of AB is always related to development of antimicrobial resistance

Question 15

higher risk of resistance development

Answer 15

-group therapy
-subtherapeutic doses
-repeated treatment
-wrong dose/duration of treatment

Question 16

in farm and vet practice there should be

Answer 16

routine that insures minimal resistance development

Question 17

use antibiotics only when there is real

Answer 17

necessity
>take sample and analyze
>susceptivle for specific bacteria
D group

Question 18

use antibiotics under

Answer 18

vet prescription only

Question 19

do not use vet meds ABs that are critically important in

Answer 19

human medicine

Question 20

how to minimize development of resistance

Answer 20

-rational use of ABs
-awareness: vets, farmers, pet owners
-availability of ABs: rules, guidelines

Question 21

healthy animals

Answer 21

do not need ABs

Question 22

rational use of ABs, basic rules

Answer 22

1. before starting ABs treatment: make sure it is bacterial infection > sample before treatment to determine agent ; agents sensitivity to ABs
2. select 1 first choice narrow-spectrum ABs drug that acts against this specific agent
3. broad-spectrum ABs typically reserve preparations (use if others are ineffective), can be used in mixed infections involving skin and reproductive organs

Question 23

awareness

Answer 23

farmer has to maintain stable growth and health of animals : feeding and good environmental conditions

Question 24

complex approach (1-5)

Answer 24

1. avoid unnecessary use of AB: routine prophylactic use, growth promotion
2. keep animals healthy
3. avoid infections: biosecurity, hygiene
4. when treatment is necessary, use optimal plan: correct diagnosis, correct treatment plan
5. monitor use of ABs and antimicrobial resistance

Question 25

monitor

Answer 25

-how many cases during month, year
-lab analysis done, what microbes
-what ABs were used
-was there alternative treatment
-did you use ABs for prophylactics, why= alternatives?
> specific plan for each farm

Question 26

sick animals must be treated

Answer 26

1. penicillin - choice number 1 most cases
2. mastitis : streptococci..-penicillin, E.coli no AB-fluids, NSAIDs, dry cow
3. hoof infections
4. metritis

Question 27

no need for ABs

Answer 27

-hoof diseases
-calf diarrhea
-retention of afterbirth
-metritis
-local wound healing
-surgery
-profylactics
-viruses

Question 28

how to change ‘‘bad habits’’

Answer 28

-all understand and collaborate > farmers, vets, food industry, consumer
> ABs treatment only prescribed by vet only!!