2. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- general Flashcards
LARGE AND SMALL ANIMALS
processes of GIT
-git motility
-git secretion
-effect of enzymes, activity
-absorption
-elimination
regulation of functions of dig.tract (2)
- neural regulation:
-short reflex arcs: wall of GI, sensory and motor nerve cells -Reflexes!
-Long reflex arch: GI and CNS. coordinates activities betw. different parts GI. - hormonal regulation: dig.tract react to>wall strech, changes in nutrient concentration, changes in osmolarity, pH, irritation of MM
-GI hormones produced after stimuli endocrine cells via short or long reflexes
-produced after stimulation via luminal contents or strech of tract wall
substances affecting GIT (5)
- incr. and suppress appetite
- upper GIT: incr. or suppress salivary secretion, reduce irritation of MM
- stomach: gastric motility and secretion, against meteors, antacids, medicines for treat ulcers, emetics, antiemetics
- intestinal tract: laxatives, intestinal motility and secretion, locally acting agents (coating, astringents)
- liver and bile
eating behaviour-regulation?
-short-term control: hunger and eating
-long-term control: regulation of nutrient supply of organism
> linked satiety center
substances increasing appetite?
-vitamin B
-glucocorticosteroids: incr. gluconeogenesis and animal’s comfort
-short-term: BENZODIAZEPINES>icr. appetite cattle and sheep due suppress satiety centre
-serving tasty food in small portion sizes
> humans: incr.by CYPROHEPTADINE AND ANTISEROTONIN: incl. antihistamines with anti serotonin properties
medications for depression and psychosis
substances suppressing appetite?
-appetite suppressants or anorexigenic substances: glycolysis by suppressing hunger > DESOPPIMONE, PHEPRANONE, AMPHETAMINE
upper GIT - subs. stimulating salivary secretion
-bitter substances
-CHOLINOMIMETIC DRUGS : flow of saliva incr. activation of PNS
upper GIT -subs. suppressing salivary secretion
-primarily used premed of ane. >ANTICHOLINERGIC AGENTS > ATROPINE -buccal surgery
-NEUROLEPTICS, HISTAMINE BLOCKERS and other medicines also cause ‘‘dry mouth’’
subs. affecting stomach, function?
gastric motility and secretion
-REMEDIES for rumination=incr. intensity of function of ruminants forestomachs > CHOLINOMIMETIC DRUGS, LACTIC ACIDS
-STIMULANTS OF GASTRIC SECRETION: HISTAMINE AND PENTAGASTRIN = latter responsible secretion of gastric acid (not vetmed)
substances affecting stomach: SIMETHICONE
-antiflatulent (aine vähentää kaasuja ja ilmavaivoja :D )
rumen
-bubbles trapped into foam > binds and ultimately pass out
vomiting
-stomach content forced back into oral cavity
-vomiting starts with deep inspiration after abdominal muscles contract
what animal species do vomit? human, dog (NOT vomit: horse, rabbit)
emetics
-vomiting : protective reflex
-APOMORPHINE
-NARCOTIC ANALGESICS
peripherally acting emetics
-hydrogen peroxide 3%-can cause ulcers esophagus, stomach, intestines
-salt, salt solutions
> irritates throat, esophagus and epithelial wall of stomach
centrally acting emetics
-OPIATES , APOMORPHINE AND GLYCOSIDES
> act directly on vomiting centre
-APOMORPHINE : SYNTHETIC DERIVATIVE OF MORPHINE - CNS effect low - stimulate vomiting
-ALPHA2 AGONIST: emetic effect cats
effect of opioids
-both emetic and antiemetic
-vomiting center=antiemetic
-chemoreceptor trigger zone= emetic
centrally acting antiemetics , affects?
gastric motility and secretion
centrally acting antiemetic drugs (2)
- METOCLOPRAMIDE = dopamine antagonist, incr. tone of lower esophageal sphincter, strengthen contractility of stomach, relax pyloric sphincters, enhance peristalsis - potent antiemetic drug acts vomiting centre
- ANTIMUSCARINIC SUBSTANCES = belladonna alkaloids = deadly nightshade and scopolamine - dogs-cats dangerous side-effects
centrally acting antiemetics
-MAROPITANT!! = neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist, acts by inhibiting binding of subs. P-reduce vomiting and nausea > affinity to Ca and K ion channels = carefull in heart diseases!!!!!
-METOCLOPRAMIDE
-PHENOTHIAZINES = CHLORPROMAZINE= antidopamnergic effect and antihistaminergic effect
-DERIVATIVES OF BUTYROPHENONES = haloperidol and droperidol > antidopaminergic
-BARBITURATES, BENZODIAZEPINES :psychogenic vomiting (stressi, ahdistus)
peripherally acting antiemetics = what substances do ?
reduce gastric secretion and motility
peripherally acting antiemetics (estää pahoinvointia ja oksentelua CNS ulkopuolella eli kehon ääreisosissa esim. GIT)
-ANTICHOLINERGIC AGENTS (GLYCOPYRROLATE, PROPANTHELINE), ADRENOMIMETICS, OPIATES
-H2 BLOCKERS, OMEPRAZOLE, ESOMEPRAZOLE (proton pump inhibitors = PPI, used to teat ulcers) > PP solukalvolla oleva proteiini vapauttaa H+ mahalaukun sisään-vapautus aiheuttaa pH laskua> lisää mahalaukun happamuutta
-ANTACIDS-kontrolloi acid levels : ALUMINIUM AND MAGNESIUM SALTS , sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate
substances affecting intestinal tract (for constipation) main 1
-LAXATIVES : loose content of intestines > enhance its secretion
subgroups of laxative:
> 1. LACTULOSE = synthetic sugar pulls water to intestines > make stool softer
> 2. SORBITOL + SODIUM CITRATE + SODIUM LAURYL SULFOACETATE (MICROLAX) - per rectum
intestinal tract: substances affecting intestinal motility and secretion (to soften stool) 3 main
1.. CHOLINERGIC SUBSTANCES> NEOSTIGMINE, PHYSOSTIGMINE) inhibit absorption of glucose and strength intestinal motility
2. OILS > LIQUID PARAFFIN, CASTOR OIL
3. HERBAL REMEDIES> PSYLLIUM, LINSEED, FLAXSEED
(laxatives may induce abortion in pregnant animals)
ANTIDIARRHEAL SUBSTANCES , 4 main
- OPIATES > IOPERAMIDE: brand name: IMODIUM
- ANTICHOLINERGIC SUBSTANCES
- KAOLIN= ALUMINIUM SILICATE, PECTIN=CARBOHYDRATE FROM RINDS OF CITRUS FRUITS, MUCOSAL PROTECTANTS.
- ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: absorption of toxins
treat GI spasms (3)
-PARASYMPATHOLYTIC AGENT > HYOSCINE BUTYLBROMIDE = antagonises muscarinic actions of Ach - by competitive inhibition of Ach at parasymp.nerve endings
2. ZINC OXIDE = weaning piglets - may improve barrier GIT > same effect as ABs to microflora (destroy after large doses)= ZnO > incr. amount of E.coli multiresistants
3. EDTA ZINC DISODIUM: for fattening pigs - treat and metaphylactics of diarrhea caused by BRACHYSPIRA HYODYSENTERIAE
substances affecting function of liver and bile (what does do and why used , 1. enzymes, drugs) drugs 3
= enhance digestion for treatment of specific liver and GI diseases
1. ENZYMES: CHOLINE (in phospholipids), METHIONINE, LECITHIN, VITAMINS (B12 and E), SELENIUM, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GLUCURONIC ACID
2. MENBUTON: choleretic action=stimulates bile secretion > TRYPSINOGEN and PEPSINOGEN : after injection secretion of bile and stomach acid incr. 2-5x ! enhances absorption rate and detoxification in liver > IV cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats
3. 2-METHYL-2-PHENOXYPROPIONIC ACID (‘‘HEPAGEN’’) : supportive treat in liver disease and GIT disorder > incr. bile production > species: horse, cattle, swine, goat, dog
antiulcer agents (main 3)
- PPI > OMEPRAZOLE, ESOMEPRAZOLE - reduce gastric acid secretion > horses and dogs
- H2-ANTAGONISTS> CIMITIDINE, RANITIDINE, FAMOTIDINE = reduce secretion of gastric acid
- ANTACIDS: neutralize Hcl chemically > SODIUM BICARBONATE (systemic antacids), ALUMINIUM, MG and CA SALTS -nonsystemic antacids : product: MAALOX
drugs to treat obesity (2)
- MITRATAPIDE= treat overweight and obese dogs , peripherally acting anti-obesity substance, action blocks absorption of dietary lipids and reduce appetite, no central effect > YARVITAN-no longer marketing authorization
- DIRLOTAPIDE> SLENTROL : no longer marketin auth. : manage excess weight and obesity in dogs
-MTP : microsomal triglyceride transfer protein - important abs. and distribution of fats > inhibition of MTP intestines and liver reduce plasma cholesterol and triglyceride conc. > also reduced abs of fat from intestine
probiotics
-microorganism that colonies intestines and balance out amount of potentially pathogenic microorganisms and impact on organism
-dogs and cats
antibiotics: why used
treat bacterial infections of GIT according to sensitivity of disease agent
>all animal species
intraruminal preparation for cattle (1) -ABs
- MONENSIN: KEXXTONE = belongs group ionophores
-capsule adm. orally
-stay rumen and releases act.ing. 90 days
-treated ketosis and reduction ketosis after giving birth
-gram -
-to change microbial population > bacteria that produce acetate and butyrate will decr. and bacteria that produce propionate incr.
= result: metabolism improved
-reduce blood ketones, incr. serum glucose and reduce ketosis (best feeding still)
-AB resistance!!!!
oral solution newborn calves (1)
-LOCATIM: reduce death in newborn calves caused by enterotoxicosis associated with E.coli F5 > adhesion first days of life > supplement with colostrum
hormonal disorders (2)
- INSULIN DEFICIENCY = DIABETES MELLITUS
- EXOCRINE PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY (rare) = lack of enzymes: trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase> dogs, cats > proteins ,starch, fats in diet cannot be broken down small pieces that would be absorbed via intestinal wall > treatment: drugs made from animal pancreas
