3. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- general

Question 1

female sex hormones - 1. production, 2. hormones, 3. role

Answer 1

1. production is regulated: cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hypophysis > produced in OVARIES
2. FSH and LH, oestrogens and gestagens
   >reproductive function regulated by cerebral cortex and hypothalamus
   >neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus produce=hypophysiotropic hormones = releasing factors ex. LIBERINS (hermosoluja jotka pystyvät erittämään hormoneja > vaikuttavat etuaivolisäkkeen toimintaan)
3. role: stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from adenohypophysis

-GONADOTROPINS produced under control of respective Liberians in adenohypophysis

Question 2

hormones produced in adenohypophysis (2)

Answer 2

1. DIRECT-ACTING: direct effect of organism= PROLACTIN AND SOMATOTROPIN
2. INDIRECT-ACTING: stimulate another endocrine organ> cause release of hormone there = GONADOTROPIC HORMONES, ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, THYREOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE

Question 3

estrus cycle in cattle

Answer 3

-21 days
1. proestrus 2. estrus 3. metaestrus 4. diestrus
-luteal phase (d.1-17) and follicular phase (d.18-21 tai 0)

Question 4

estrus cycle in dog

Answer 4

1. proestrus 2. estrus 3. diestrus 4. anestrus

Question 5

gonadotropic hormones

Answer 5

2 main: FSH, LH
> LUTEOTROPIC HORMONE, PROLACTIN > regulates milk production + stimulate CL
- GONADORELIN: GnRH > stimulate release of FSH & LH from hypophysis > result=follicle matures, ovulation occurs & production PROG begins (cat , dog) > increases production of testosterone in male dogs , cats > usage: stimulate ovulation, induce oestrus, treat follicular cysts in dog, cat
-BUSERELIN (GnRH)

Question 6

FSH & LH

Answer 6

1. FSH= growth of 2ndary follicles in ovarian cortex, raise mitotic activity, optimal envi for ovum
2. LH= final completion of follicle and ovulation > development of CL > also can cause production of estrogens and gestagens

> synthesis of both throughout oestrus cycle -level and proportion depend phase of oestrus cycle

-GESTAGENS inhibit LH > gonadotropins incr. incr. sex hormones. suppress secretion of gonadotropins

Question 7

estrogens (2)

Answer 7

-effect all female sex organs EXCEPT ovaries
1. NATURAL ESTROGENS : 17beta-estradiol > OESTRONE AND OESTRIOL > produced theca internal cells of Graafian follicles or placenta > metal. liver > estrogens in plants. (quick break down and action short)
2. SYNTHETIC OESTROGENS: more potent and duration longer - stable

Question 8

pharmacokinetics of estrogens

Answer 8

-natural estrogens > absorbed well GIT
-administered oral route GIT
biotransformation liver
- little uterus
-kidney

Question 9

pharmacokinetics part 2-estrogens
1. production &
2.physiological estrogens cause

Answer 9

1. incr. once animal mature
2. oestrus display, vag.epithelial growth, growth and uterine glands production, hyperemia MM of uterus, OXYTOCIN contracts uterus only in high estrogen: parturition and oestrus

Question 10

what estrogens increases

Answer 10

migration of leukocytes to ovarian secretion in oestrus>envi.unsuitable to microbes, mammalien gland growth

Question 11

gestagens

Answer 11

-steroid H CL
-PROG
-prod cortex of adrenal glands and placenta
>not to use diabetes, diestrus, after adm.oestrogens
>use: estrous synch.+prevent postponing estrus, pseudopregnancy, habitual abortion

Question 12

gestagen, product: PRID

Answer 12

-PROG
-intravag.adm cows
-7d vagina

Question 13

synthetic progestins (2)

Answer 13

-Prog receptor hypothalamus/pit, decr. FSH and LH output
1. ALTRENOGEST: ESTRUS synch. sows
2. PROLIGESTONE: adm. start of estrus , inhibited follicular growth as result red. conc. LH, postpone and interrupt oestrus dogs, cats and ferrets

Question 14

Prostaglandins: subgroups

Answer 14

-PGA PGD, PGE, PGF

Question 15

Prostaglandins -drugs & effect

Answer 15

-drugs: CLOPROSTENOL, DINOPROST, FENPROSTALENE
-effect: PGF2alfa- myometrial contractions, cervical relaxation > UTERUS

Question 16

PGF2alfa: side effects

Answer 16

-stomach ache
-vomiting, defecation
urination
tachycardia
fever
> not to use gestation , liver disease
>asthmatics careful

Question 17

use of prostaglandins

Answer 17

-induce abortion
-inh. milk synthesis
-inducing oestrus
-pseudopregnancy

Question 18

dopamine agonist, serotonin antagonist- dopamine?

Answer 18

-dopamine agonist inhibit secretion of prolactin > prolactin=stimulate development of mammary gland

Question 19

serotonin?

Answer 19

inhibit secr dopamine in hypothalamus > indirectly secretion of prolactin

Question 20

dopamine agonist

Answer 20

inhibit secretion of prolactin > incl. metoclopramide and acetylpromazine (prolactin=maidon tuotanto)

Question 21

CABERGOLINE

Answer 21

-specific dopamine agonist > used in pseudopregnancies > suppress lactation (small animals)

Question 22

BROMOCRIPTINE MESYLATE

Answer 22

-synthetic ergot alkaloid > directly inhibit prolactin synthesis > D2 receptors in pituitary gland

Question 23

METERGOLINE

Answer 23

serotonin antagonist (similar to BROMOCRIPTINE MESYLATE)

Question 24

antiprogestins - AGLEPRISTONE

Answer 24

-syhtetic steroid with anti-progestognenic effect > compete PROG on uterine PROG. receptor levels > induce abortion in 7d.
> treat: pyometra

Question 25

substances increasing intensity of uterine contractions (4)

Answer 25

1. PROSTAGLANDINS 2. HORMONES OF POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND : OXYTOCIN 3. ERGOT FUNGUS ALKALOIDS (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) 4. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS (DEXAMETHASONE)

Question 26

OXYTOCIN (2. posterior lobe of pituitary gland)

Answer 26

-from posterior pituitary gland (also vasopressin) -prod. by neurosecretory cells - hypothalamus to PPP -movement of spermatozoa and zygote + giving birth -broken down by GIT > adm. parenteral route > UTERINE CONTRACTIONS >contract udder muscle layer (myoepithelium) >milk release

Question 27

use of OXYTOCIN

Answer 27

-stimulate giving birth -uterine atony after giving birth -retained placenta -treat inflammation in uterus -milking-milk release

Question 28

ERGOT ALKALOIDS

Answer 28

-incr. uterine muscle tone, contractions stronger > in gestation and after birth -used in : uterine bleeding, removal placenta, uterine atony after birth (=kohdun supistumisten heikkoutta tai puuttumista synnytyksen jälkeen) >NOT USED : stimulate birth > contractions may be too strong leading foetal suffocation and uterine rupture -sows

Question 29

substances inhibiting uterine contractions (3)

Answer 29

1. BEETA-ADRENOMIMETICS 2. LOCAL ANAESTHETICS 3. DENAVERIN HYDROCHLORID (spasmolytic=regulation of uterine contractions during parturition, total time from fertilization to birth, vähentää siis supistuksia) (+NARCOTIC ANALGESIC?)

Question 30

use of subs.inhibitin uterine contractions

Answer 30

-alleviation of obstructed labour -improve wrong delivery position and posture -fetotomy, caesarean section

Question 31

ABs and antiseptic substances : when used what they are

Answer 31

-liquid forms of medicine for rinsing -solid forms of medicine -use: to treat inflammatory conditions of uterus and vagina

Question 32

ESTRIOL (OESTRIOL)

Answer 32

-short act natural estrogen -used: hormone-responsive urinary incontinence > caused by urethral sphincter after ovariohysterectomy -large doses: tumors

Question 33

DESLORELIN

Answer 33

-GnRH agonist -adm. by implant -suppress pituitary-gonadal axis -result: unable to sync or release FSH and LH -reduced: male repr.organs, libido and spermatogenesis > TESTOSTERONE blood plasma decr. -treated: infertility uncastrated male dogs

Question 34

GnRH analogue protein conjugate : IMPROVAC

Answer 34

-boars -immunological preparation -induce immune response to endogenous gonadotropin-releasing factor which control testicular function through FSH and LH -reduced GnRH activity result: decr. testosterone and testicular steroids (incl. androsterone stinky smell subs.)

Question 35

OSATERONE

Answer 35

-steroidal antiandrogen -inhibit testosterone side-effects -prevent binding androgens and block testosterone move to prostate -use: benign prostatic hypertrophy in male dogs