3. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- general Flashcards
LARGE AND SMALL ANIMALS
female sex hormones - 1. production, 2. hormones, 3. role
- production is regulated: cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hypophysis > produced in OVARIES
- FSH and LH, oestrogens and gestagens
>reproductive function regulated by cerebral cortex and hypothalamus
>neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus produce=hypophysiotropic hormones = releasing factors ex. LIBERINS (hermosoluja jotka pystyvät erittämään hormoneja > vaikuttavat etuaivolisäkkeen toimintaan) - role: stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from adenohypophysis
-GONADOTROPINS produced under control of respective Liberians in adenohypophysis
hormones produced in adenohypophysis (2)
- DIRECT-ACTING: direct effect of organism= PROLACTIN AND SOMATOTROPIN
- INDIRECT-ACTING: stimulate another endocrine organ> cause release of hormone there = GONADOTROPIC HORMONES, ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, THYREOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE
estrus cycle in cattle
-21 days
1. proestrus 2. estrus 3. metaestrus 4. diestrus
-luteal phase (d.1-17) and follicular phase (d.18-21 tai 0)
estrus cycle in dog
- proestrus 2. estrus 3. diestrus 4. anestrus
gonadotropic hormones
2 main: FSH, LH
> LUTEOTROPIC HORMONE, PROLACTIN > regulates milk production + stimulate CL
- GONADORELIN: GnRH > stimulate release of FSH & LH from hypophysis > result=follicle matures, ovulation occurs & production PROG begins (cat , dog) > increases production of testosterone in male dogs , cats > usage: stimulate ovulation, induce oestrus, treat follicular cysts in dog, cat
-BUSERELIN (GnRH)
FSH & LH
- FSH= growth of 2ndary follicles in ovarian cortex, raise mitotic activity, optimal envi for ovum
- LH= final completion of follicle and ovulation > development of CL > also can cause production of estrogens and gestagens
> synthesis of both throughout oestrus cycle -level and proportion depend phase of oestrus cycle
-GESTAGENS inhibit LH > gonadotropins incr. incr. sex hormones. suppress secretion of gonadotropins
estrogens (2)
-effect all female sex organs EXCEPT ovaries
1. NATURAL ESTROGENS : 17beta-estradiol > OESTRONE AND OESTRIOL > produced theca internal cells of Graafian follicles or placenta > metal. liver > estrogens in plants. (quick break down and action short)
2. SYNTHETIC OESTROGENS: more potent and duration longer - stable
pharmacokinetics of estrogens
-natural estrogens > absorbed well GIT
-administered oral route GIT
biotransformation liver
- little uterus
-kidney
pharmacokinetics part 2-estrogens
1. production &
2.physiological estrogens cause
- incr. once animal mature
- oestrus display, vag.epithelial growth, growth and uterine glands production, hyperemia MM of uterus, OXYTOCIN contracts uterus only in high estrogen: parturition and oestrus
what estrogens increases
migration of leukocytes to ovarian secretion in oestrus>envi.unsuitable to microbes, mammalien gland growth
gestagens
-steroid H CL
-PROG
-prod cortex of adrenal glands and placenta
>not to use diabetes, diestrus, after adm.oestrogens
>use: estrous synch.+prevent postponing estrus, pseudopregnancy, habitual abortion
gestagen, product: PRID
-PROG
-intravag.adm cows
-7d vagina
synthetic progestins (2)
-Prog receptor hypothalamus/pit, decr. FSH and LH output
1. ALTRENOGEST: ESTRUS synch. sows
2. PROLIGESTONE: adm. start of estrus , inhibited follicular growth as result red. conc. LH, postpone and interrupt oestrus dogs, cats and ferrets
Prostaglandins: subgroups
-PGA PGD, PGE, PGF
Prostaglandins -drugs & effect
-drugs: CLOPROSTENOL, DINOPROST, FENPROSTALENE
-effect: PGF2alfa- myometrial contractions, cervical relaxation > UTERUS
PGF2alfa: side effects
-stomach ache
-vomiting, defecation
urination
tachycardia
fever
> not to use gestation , liver disease
>asthmatics careful
use of prostaglandins
-induce abortion
-inh. milk synthesis
-inducing oestrus
-pseudopregnancy
dopamine agonist, serotonin antagonist- dopamine?
-dopamine agonist inhibit secretion of prolactin > prolactin=stimulate development of mammary gland
serotonin?
inhibit secr dopamine in hypothalamus > indirectly secretion of prolactin
dopamine agonist
inhibit secretion of prolactin > incl. metoclopramide and acetylpromazine (prolactin=maidon tuotanto)
CABERGOLINE
-specific dopamine agonist > used in pseudopregnancies > suppress lactation (small animals)
BROMOCRIPTINE MESYLATE
-synthetic ergot alkaloid > directly inhibit prolactin synthesis > D2 receptors in pituitary gland
METERGOLINE
serotonin antagonist (similar to BROMOCRIPTINE MESYLATE)
antiprogestins - AGLEPRISTONE
-syhtetic steroid with anti-progestognenic effect > compete PROG on uterine PROG. receptor levels > induce abortion in 7d.
> treat: pyometra
substances increasing intensity of uterine contractions (4)
- PROSTAGLANDINS
- HORMONES OF POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND : OXYTOCIN
- ERGOT FUNGUS ALKALOIDS (ERGOT ALKALOIDS)
- GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS (DEXAMETHASONE)
OXYTOCIN (2. posterior lobe of pituitary gland)
-from posterior pituitary gland (also vasopressin)
-prod. by neurosecretory cells - hypothalamus to PPP
-movement of spermatozoa and zygote + giving birth
-broken down by GIT > adm. parenteral route
> UTERINE CONTRACTIONS
>contract udder muscle layer (myoepithelium)
>milk release
use of OXYTOCIN
-stimulate giving birth
-uterine atony after giving birth
-retained placenta
-treat inflammation in uterus
-milking-milk release
ERGOT ALKALOIDS
-incr. uterine muscle tone, contractions stronger > in gestation and after birth
-used in : uterine bleeding, removal placenta, uterine atony after birth (=kohdun supistumisten heikkoutta tai puuttumista synnytyksen jälkeen)
>NOT USED : stimulate birth > contractions may be too strong leading foetal suffocation and uterine rupture
-sows
substances inhibiting uterine contractions (3)
- BEETA-ADRENOMIMETICS
- LOCAL ANAESTHETICS
- DENAVERIN HYDROCHLORID (spasmolytic=regulation of uterine contractions during parturition, total time from fertilization to birth, vähentää siis supistuksia)
(+NARCOTIC ANALGESIC?)
use of subs.inhibitin uterine contractions
-alleviation of obstructed labour
-improve wrong delivery position and posture
-fetotomy, caesarean section
ABs and antiseptic substances : when used what they are
-liquid forms of medicine for rinsing
-solid forms of medicine
-use: to treat inflammatory conditions of uterus and vagina
ESTRIOL (OESTRIOL)
-short act natural estrogen
-used: hormone-responsive urinary incontinence > caused by urethral sphincter after ovariohysterectomy
-large doses: tumors
DESLORELIN
-GnRH agonist
-adm. by implant
-suppress pituitary-gonadal axis
-result: unable to sync or release FSH and LH
-reduced: male repr.organs, libido and spermatogenesis > TESTOSTERONE blood plasma decr.
-treated: infertility uncastrated male dogs
GnRH analogue protein conjugate : IMPROVAC
-boars
-immunological preparation
-induce immune response to endogenous gonadotropin-releasing factor which control testicular function through FSH and LH
-reduced GnRH activity
result: decr. testosterone and testicular steroids (incl. androsterone stinky smell subs.)
OSATERONE
-steroidal antiandrogen
-inhibit testosterone side-effects
-prevent binding androgens and block testosterone move to prostate
-use: benign prostatic hypertrophy in male dogs
