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PHARMACOLOGY > 1. HORSES > Flashcards

1. HORSES Flashcards

DRUGS

1
Q

most commonly used drug classes

A

-sedation
-analgesia
-antibacterial drugs
-some others

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2
Q

SID

A

1x day, Q 24h

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3
Q

BID

A

2x day, Q 12h

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4
Q

TID

A

3x day, Q 18h

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5
Q

QID

A

4x day, Q 6h

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6
Q

sedation: PHENODIAZINE

A

acepromazine

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7
Q

ACEPROMAZINE: mode of action

A

antagonizing dopamine

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8
Q

ACEPROMAZINE: sedation

A

-transportation, hoof trimming/shoeing, clipping
-nervous mare in clinic with foal
-laminitis

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9
Q

sedation: ACEPROMAZINE: anesthesia premedication

A

-less arrhythmias
-better recovery

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10
Q

ACEPROMAZINE routes

A

po, im, iv

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11
Q

ACEPROMAZINE: side effects

A

SYSTEMIC HYPOTENSION:
- can outlast sedation
- contraindicated in dehydrated, anemic and in shock horses
-contraindicated: foals, old horses
-contraindicated: stallions

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12
Q

ACEPROMAZINE: side effects > prescription drug

A

SHOULD NOT BE SOLD TO OWNERS FOR USE IN HOME
-misuse and overdosing
-increasing dose do not increase effect but side-effects

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13
Q

sedation and analgesia: A2-AGONIST> sedation ?

A

-dose-dependt
-low head-carriage
-decr. locomotor activity
-decr. response to stimulation

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14
Q

sedation and analgesia: A2-AGONIST> analgesia

A

-comparable to NSAIDS, OPIOIDS

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15
Q

sedation and analgesia: A2-AGONIST> also used as

A

premedication for general anesthesia (GA)

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16
Q

A2-AGONIST effect shows

A

-few min
-after IV administration

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17
Q

A2-AGONIST can be combined with

A

-opioids
-phenothiazine

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18
Q

A2-AGONIST: side-effects

A

-ataxia
-bradycardia and transient hypertension followed by hypotension
-decr.GI motility and decr. intestinal blood flow
-slow down esophageal motility: do not allow eating 2hours after sedation > risk of esophageal obstruction
-smooth muscle relaxation in upper airways
-hyåerglycemia, mydriasis, decr. HCT, sweating

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19
Q

sedation: A2-AGONIST : drugs

A

-xylazine: better analgesia in colic than opioids or flunixin
-detomidine: do not give 20 min before or after IV TMPS, sublingually onset of action 45min
-romifidine: produces less ataxia. less analgesia than xylazine or detomidine, analgesia lasts 1-3h

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20
Q

sedation and analgesia: OPIOIDS- mono therapy?

A

NOT as monotherapy in horses > always require alpha2-agonist or acepromazine

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21
Q

sedation and analgesia: OPIOIDS- BUTORPHANOL: 1.mechanism of action 2. description 3. side-effects

A

1.mechanism of action: partial myy-opioid receptor agonist, partial antagonist

  1. description: most used in horses: best pain relief amongst opioids, least side-effects, effect 30-90min
  2. side-effects: high doses can cause excitement, reduced GI motility, sudden head movements, ataxia
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22
Q

sedation and analgesia: OPIOIDS- MORPHINE: 1.mechanism of action 2. description 3. side-effects

A
  1. myy-opioid receptor agonist
  2. potentiates sedative and analgesic effect of other drugs
  3. anxiety (particularly in absence of strong pain), ileus , ataxia
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23
Q

opioids to use with?

A

ALWAYS use with alfa2-agonist > opioids CNS excitement otherwise!

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24
Q

analgesia: NSAID-how often used?

A

most common used drug class in horses

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25
Q

NSAID: main control?

A

control of pain (esp. inflammatory) and inflammation
-soft tissue
-musculosceletal
-colic pain

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26
Q

NSAIDS: used

A

-pain management
-fever

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27
Q

NSAIDS: mode of action

A

decreases eicosanoids in inflammatory lesions over inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX)

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28
Q

NSAIDS: side effects > mostly mediated by?

A

> mostly mediated by? >INHIBiTION OF COX-1
-inhibition of intestinal motility, inc. colonic motility
-gastric and intestinal (right dorsal colon) ulceration> ponies more sensitive > more risk in hypovolemic horses or with prolonged treatment
-renal damage > geriatric, hypovolemic, hypotensive horses or horses with renal, cardiac or liver damage > renal papillary necrosis and Aki (Acute Kidney Injury)

-PLATELET DYSFUNCTION

29
Q

NSAIDS: can combine with ?

A

-opioids

30
Q

NSAIDS: FLUNIXIN MEGLUMIN

A

-most effective NSAID for visceral pain > caution when using
-anti-endotoxic in lower dosages > prevents some hemodynamic effects of endotoxemia

NEVER IM!!!! CLOSTRIDIAL MYOSITIS!!!

31
Q

NSAIDS: PHENYLBUTAZONE

A

-mostly used orthopedic pain
-relatively narrow therapeutic index
-should be used with other drugs that bind to plasma proteins >gentamicin, sulfonamides
-hay delays oral absorption

32
Q

NSAIDS: MELOXICAM

A

-More COX-2 selective than COX-1
-not as effective as flunixin in colic patients
-do not use in donkeys useless)

33
Q

NSAIDS: KETOPROFEN

A

-very effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent
-not as effective as PBZ (PhenylButaZone) but less than melox

34
Q

NSAIDS: CARPROFEN

A

-effective analgesic but weak anti-inflammatory agent
-more cox-2 selective than flunixin or PBZ but less than melox
-not investigated for colic pain
-better analgesic when pain is inflammatory in origin

35
Q

NSAIDS: COXIBS > FIROCOXIB

A

-very strongly COX-2 selective
-FIROCOXIB
-if IV-solutions available > similar analgesia to flunixin in acute colic > can not be given/flushed with saline (precipitates)> flush with blood

36
Q

SPASMOLYTICS: BUTYLSCOPOLAMINE

A

-spasmolytic used in colic
-sometimes combined with dipyrone
-analgesia lasts app.20min
-concurrent ttachycardia
-often used before rectal examination

37
Q

ANALGESIA: LIDOCAINE-usage

A

-colic: pain management and treatment of ileus, anti-inflammatory
-decreases repercussion injury

38
Q

local anesthetics: ways of insertion (1-4)

A
  1. subcutaneously > perineurial, around wound(infiltration)
  2. intraarticularly
  3. epidural anesthesia
  4. volume depends on area
39
Q

local anesthetics: LIDOCAINE 2%

A

-rapid onset (4min), shortest duration (less 1,5h)
-causes most swelling and local irritation > unreliable in lameness examinations
-max. dose 250ml to 500kg > can be used as topical anesthetic

40
Q

local anesthetics: BUPIVACAINE 2%

A

-slow onset, prolonged duration more than 3h
-toxic to chondrocytes = rustosolut!! (more than lidocaine)
-more potent than lidocaine and mepivacaine

41
Q

local anesthetics: MEPIVACAINE 2%

A

-rapid onset (similar to lidocaine)
-least irritation to tissues, least toxic to chondrocytes
-less vasodilation compared to lidocaine, less effective as topical anesthetic than lidocaine

42
Q

ANTIBIOTICS

A

USE WITH CARE
-not to use reserved ABs
protect me- BEVA- protects ABs in future of equine health

43
Q

ANTIBIOTICS: WHICH AB TO CHOOSE?

A

-empirical
-bacterial culture > culture and sensitivity whenever possible
-reserve group AB
-route of administration
-price
-availability
-side - effects
-reactions with other drugs

44
Q

AB: PENICILLINS (2)

A
  1. PROCAINE BENZYLPENICILLIN - NOT IV
  2. Na-BENZYLPENICILLIN - IV SLOWLY

side effects: soft feces, head shaking, salivation, mild colics

45
Q

AB: AMINOGLYCOSIDES (2)

A
  1. GENTAMICIN - Irritate muscle, clostridial myositis -often as local ad.
  2. AMIKACIN

=concentration dependent

46
Q

AB: AMINOGLYCOSIDES, side-effects

A

-nephrotoxicity : check creatinine before adm. > not dehydrated animals
-ototoxicity
-rarely as monotherapy

47
Q

POTENTIATED SULFONAMIDES-added with?

A

-enhance effect of ABs

48
Q

POTENTIATED SULFONAMIDES

A

-TRIMETOPRIM+SULFAMERAZINE
-TRIMETOPRIM+SULFADIAZINE

=NEVER IN SEDATED HORSES - sudden drop in BP, arrhythmia and death possible if combined with use of A2-AGONIST

49
Q

TETRACYCLINES

A

-broad spectrum
-DOXYCYCLINE
-OXYTETRACYCLINE-nephrotoxic > very high doses treat contractures in foals 1x use (lihakset jänteet tai nivelsiteet jatkuvasti jännityksessä)

50
Q

CEFALOSPORINES - generations (not often used in horses) (4)

A
  1. generation: CEFALEXIN, CEFAZOLIN, CEFADROXIL
    2.generation: RESERVED AB!!!!!!!
  2. generation: CEFTIOFUR, CEFOTAXIM
    4.generation: CEFQUINOME
51
Q

FLUOROQUINOLONES - broad spectrum, reserved AB (2)

A

very good for gram-

  1. ENROFLOXACIN: very good tissue penetration, not for young or growing horses (risk arhropathies)
  2. MARBOFLOXACIN: considered to cause less arthropaties than 1
52
Q

NITROIMIDAZOLES

A

-METRONIDAZOLE : anaerobes, protozoa
side - effectL: inappetence, diarrhea
-prohibited animals for slaughter > note to passport

53
Q

GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS - systemic (2)

A
  1. DEXAMETHASONE
  2. PREDNISOLONE

-laminitis risk! mostly in horses with EMS or PPID
-CORTISOL suppression

54
Q

GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS: inhaled - alternative for respiratory disease (2)

A
  1. FLUTICASONE
  2. CICLESONIDE

-improve lung function
-safer regarding side-effects than systemic
-no cortisol suppression

55
Q

drugs used in gastric ulcer treatment (5)

A
  1. OMEPRAZOLE: suppress gastric acid production (proton pump inhibitor)-more effective in empty stomach. for treatment of glandular and non-glandular ulcers
  2. ESOMEPRAZOLE: suppress gastric acid production (proton pump inhibitor)-cumulative effect from 5th day
  3. SUCRALFATE: binds to ulcerated mucosa, stimulated mucous secretion, PGE synthesis, enhances blood flow-add every glandular ulcer treatment protocol
  4. MISOPROSTOL: suppress gastric acid production: also anti-inflammatory effect > may cause abdominal pain- ONLY GLANDULAR ULCERS
  5. RANITIDINE: suppress gastric acid production (H2-receptor antagonist) > less effective: sometimes to ‘‘tail up’’ omeprazole
56
Q

using medication in foals

A

-foals are not small adult horses!!
-always more cautions in foals reg. side-effects
-OFTEN DIFFERENT DOSAGES AND DOSING INTERVALS

57
Q

routes of administration: systemic administration

A

-oral PO
-intramuscular IM
-intravenous IV
-per rectum PR
-subcutaneus SC

58
Q

routes of administration: local administration

A

-intra-articular IA
-intravenous regional limb perfusion IVRLP
-local anesthesia
-into eye CORNEAL SURFACE
-inhalation
-nebulisation
-epidural anesthesia

59
Q

administering drugs PO

A

-flush syringe 50-100 ml
-insert syringe from corner of mouth
-rise head up
-let horse swallow
-feed in stomach changes absorption of many drugs

60
Q

administering drugs IM part 1

A

-choose right place
-insert whole needle im
-aspirate
-hold needle from hub and inject

61
Q

administering drugs IM part 2

A

-absorption varies in different sites injection sites : neck>pectorals>gluteals>semimembranosus
-possible reactions at inj.sites: accesses, cellulitis, muscle swelling, pain
-not enough muscle mass Is limiting
-some drugs too irritating, painful

62
Q

administering drugs IV

A

-needle
-single use IV catheter
-IV catether > sterilely

63
Q

administering drugs IV part 2

A

-use upper 3rd of neck
-stasis
-insert needle into vein
-aspirate before and after administration
-take off stasis
-remove needle

64
Q

administering drugs SC

A

-few systemic drugs
-local anesthesia
-nerve blocks
-lift up skin > easier to insert needle

65
Q

administering drugs into eye

A

-ointment > medial canthus > 3rd eyelid
-break needle until hub
-open eyelids (no pressure on eyeball)
-spray from distance
-eye lavage system if many drugs, long-term treatment or horse does not allow to medicate

66
Q

administering drugs into eye

A

-5min between diff. drugs
-when using drops only, serum is always last
-ointments always last

67
Q

drug inhalation

A

-equihaler or babyhaler
-chake vial, insert drug into chamber>can be done away from horse
-put inhaler on 1 nostril
-let horse inhale 1-2min

68
Q

NEBULIZATION

A

-nebulization: converts liquid to aerosol, inhalation, NaCl, gentamicin, dexamethasone and other hormones

69
Q

IV regional limb perfusion

A

mostly aminoglycosides are used
-torniquet, nose twitch,, sedation if needed

PHARMACOLOGY (14 decks)

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