7 Flashcards
medial zone of cerebellum
proprioceptive and sensory signals
damage leads to ataxia and falls toward affected side
lateral zone of cerebellum
controls planned limb movements
damage results in effort in force, speed, and amplitude of movement
absence of CD18 Ags and recurrent skin/mucosal infections without pus
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
can’t form integrins, failure of leak. chemotaxis
-other clinical features: delayed sep. of umbilical cord, persistent leukocytosis (not attached to endothelium)
what enzyme converts NE to EPI in the adrenal medulla?
phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)
restless leg syndrome tx with ??
dopamine agonists: ropinirole, pramipexole
don’t use ?? with benzos
first gen antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists): dephenhydramine, chlorpheniramine
-can cause significant sedation
primary biliary cholangitis will look like what other condition (on liver histology) ??
hepatic GVH disease, because both have immune etiology
PBC: chronic AI disease; lymphocytic infiltrates and destruction of sm/med intrahepatic bile ducts
what drug will cause a longer QRS duration when exercise is occurring?
class IC antiarrythmics, i.e. flecainide strong use dependence, i.e. when heart is more active, more QRS prolonging occurs
enzyme order in base excision repair
glycosylase(cleaves base)–>endonuclease(cleaves 5’ end)–>lyase(cleaves 3’ end)–>polymerase(fills gap)–>ligase(seals)
proteinuria, serum IgG4 Abs to phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R), think ??
membranous nephropathy, NOT SLE
main complication of varicose veins?
venous stasis ulcers (medial malleolus)
NOT DVTs/PEs as varicose veins are superficial (vs DEEP VT)
elevated CK, muscle lumps with tapping, think ??
hypothyroid myopathy
-other causes of elevated CK: polymyositis, dermatomyositis, muscular dystrophies and statins
even though PRL rises as pregnancy progresses, lactation is inhibited via ??
progesterone (corpus luteum, then placenta) via negative feedback on PRL in the anterior pituitary
mechanism of Shiga/EHEC toxin
halts protein synthesis by disabling the 60s ribosomal subunit–>intestinal epithelial cell death and diarrhea
INF-a and B produced in response to viral infection work by ??
halting protein synthesis and promote apoptosis of infected cells–>suppress viral replication and limit spread
lung macrophages containing golden cytoplasmic granules that turn dark blue w. Prussian blue staining, think ?? caused by ??
hemosiderosis caused by left ventricular dysfunction
-LHF causes increased pulmonary cap pressure and pulmonary edema–>extravasation of RBCs and alveolar hemorrhage, RBCs phagocytksed by macrocytes and iron from HGB converted to hemosiderin
what changes seen in mitral regurg?? preload afterload LV ejection fraction forward SV CO
preload increases
afterload decreases
LV ejection fraction is INCREASED, but since some of the blood is going back to LA, the forward SV and CO are decreased
craniopharyngiomas arise from ??
Rathke’s pouch remnants in the ant pit
ALS causes damage to ??
L-CST: UMN signs
anterior horn: LMN signs
damage to posterior columns and L-CST, think ??
subacute combined degeneration (both ascending (DC) and descending (CST)) due to vitamin B12 deficiency
-lose position/vibration, have ataxia (DC) and spastic paresis (CST)
aortic arch vascular derivatives
1: max artery
2: hyoid art, stapedial art
3: common carotid, proximal ICA
4: left: aortic arch, right: proximal R subclavian art
6: proximal pulmonary arteries, left: ductus arteriosus
in the absences of ADH tubular fluid is most concentrated where ??
junction between descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle (only H2O is reabsorbed in descending limb, not solute–>becomes more concentrated)
- TAL: impermeable to water, Na/K/Cl reabsorbed here, diluting fluid
- DCT: NaCl reabsorbed (early DCT impermeable to H2O)–>more dilute
- most dilute in the collecting ducts, because ADH needed to reabsorb water, so only NaCl reabsorbed
- PCT: H2O passively reabsorbed w. active transport of solute–>isoosmotic with plasma
pathological description of Beurger’s
segmental vasculitis extending into contiguous veins and nerves
elevation of propionyl CoA think deficiency of what enzyme ??
propionyl CoA metabolized from what compounds?
deficiency of propionyl CoA carboxylase, need to convert propionyl ClA to methylmalonyl CoA
- leads to propionic acidemia and hypoglycemia
- derived from Valine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Threonine, odd FAs and cholesterol side chains
