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UWorld > 3 > Flashcards

3 Flashcards

1
Q

most specific diagnostic test for RA

A

X-ray (according to comquest)

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2
Q

1st line tx for Parkinson’s?

A

levodopa-carbidopa

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3
Q

carbidopa prevents the peripheral conversion of levodopa–>dopamine, preventing peripheral SEs including??

A

othostasis/dizziness (vasodiation)
dry mouth
N/V

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4
Q

follicular phase hormone levels

A

increasing levels of estrogen, LH and FSH and ultimately LH surge, low levels of progesterone
endometrium proliferates

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5
Q

luteal phase hormone levels

A

increasing levels of progesterone

endometrium is secretory

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6
Q

most of the CNS cells (neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells) come from ?? except for microglia which originate from ??
also, Schwann cells and PNS arise from ??

A

neuroectoderm
microglia (phagocytes of CNS): mesoderm
Schwann/PNS: neural crest

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7
Q

N-myc is a ??

In contrast, k-RAS is a ??

A

transcription factor, therefore capable of binding DNA

G-protein, participates in cellular signaling, common in pancreatic malignancies

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8
Q

local defense against Candida is performed by ?? whereas systemic infection is prevented by ??

A

T cells

neutrophils

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9
Q

MAO-inhibitors are particularly useful in pts with ?? characterized by ??

A

atypical /tx resistant depression

increased sleep and appetite, leaden paralysis, rejection sensitivity, mood reactivity

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10
Q

death 4-days post-anterior wall MI think

A

rupture of the LV free wall (5-14? days), leads to hemopericardium and tamponade, severe hypotension and shock

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11
Q

a late complication (>1 month) of large transmural infarcts

can cause??

A

true aneurysms of the ventricular wall

can cause mural thrombus, arrhythmias, heart failure (rarely rupture!)

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12
Q

axonal regeneration does not occur in the ?? due to the presence of ??

A

CNS
myelin debris, secretion of neuronal inhibitory factors, and development of dense glial scarring
(calcification only RARELY happens post-ischemic infections- seen with certain neoplasens, infs (NCC), and vascular malformations)

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13
Q

Beta-endorphon (endogenous opioid peptide) is derived from ??
what else is derived from that compound??

A

POMC

ACTH, MSH

(close relationship between stress axis and opioid system)

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14
Q

peripheral conversion of T4–>T3 is inhibited by ??

A

PTU
B-blockers
Ipodate (contrast)

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15
Q

uptake of I- via Na+/I- symporter is inhibited by ??

A

Perchlorate, Pertechnetate

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16
Q

Organification of I- w/ thyroglobulin (via thyroid peroxidase) is inhibited by ??

A

PTU

Methimazole

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17
Q

drug that can reverse the toxicity of MTX in GI mucosa and bone, 2 names ??

mechanism ??

A

leucovorin, aka FOLINIC ACID

-serves as a reduced form of folic acid that does not require action of dihydrofolate reductase

18
Q

repairing and ASD prevents what complication??

A

irreversible pulmonary vascular sclerosis–>chronic pulmonary HTN–>Eisenmenger syndrome

19
Q

types of holocrine secretion (cell lysis releases contents)

A

sebaceous glands (acne), meibomian glands

20
Q

definition and examples of apocrine secretion

A

cells secrete via membrane bound vesicles

mammary glands

21
Q

what is merocrine secretion? what are examples of merocrine secretion?

A

cells secrete via exocytosis

salivary glands, eccrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands (not actually apocrine secretion)

22
Q

temporal arteritis (carotid artery) shares pathological mechanism with ??

A 
Takayasu arteritis (aorta and prox. aortic arterial branch)
-both: granulomatous inflammation of the media

In contrast: PAN: segmental transmural necrotizing inflammation (sm/med)
Leukocytoclastic vasulitis (micro): semental fibrinoid necrosis (sim. to PAN)
Buerger’s: thrombosing of med, small arts.
RA: sensitivity vasculitis (sim to PAN, hypersn)

23
Q

specific E. coli virulence factors causes diff. presentations:
bacterimia and septic shock cause by ??

A

LPS (IL-6, IL-6, TNF-a release)

24
Q

E. coli virulence factor that causes neonatal meningitis?

A

K1 capsular Ag

25
Q

E. coli virulence factor that causes bloody diarrhea?

A

verotoxin (shiga-like toxin): inactivates the 60S ribosomal comp. halting protein syn.

26
Q

E. coli virulence factor that causes watery diarrhea??

A

ST and LT enterotoxins: promote fluid and e-lyte secretion form intestinal epi

27
Q

E. coli virulence factor that causes UTIs??

A

P. fimbriae, allows adhesion

28
Q

use ?? to tx myoclonic seizures

A

broad-spec anticonvulsants: valproic acid, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, topiramate
NOT narrow: carbamazepine, gabapentin, phenobarbital, phenytoin

29
Q

most common COD in DM pts

A

coronary heart disease

30
Q

what regions of the GIT are affected in Hirschsprung’s?

A

rectum and anus ALWAYS affected, sigmoid involved 75% of the time

31
Q

transcription of ?? occurs in the nucleolus

how could you describe the nucleolus?

A

rRNA via RNA polymerase I

round, dense, basophilic body

32
Q

examples of meglintinides??

MOA??

A

repaglinide, nateglinide
(like sulfonylureasO bind to and close the ATP-dependent K+ channels, causing depolarization and L-type Ca2+ channel opening, stimulating insulin release

33
Q

a pentad of fever, neuro symptoms, renal failure, anemia and thrombocytopenia in the setting of GI illness, think ??

A

TTP-HUS, a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) syndrome

NORMAL PT/PTT, in contrast to DIC (^ due to coag cascade defects)

34
Q

this lipid lowering agent can decrease renal excretion of uric acid, leading to gout

A

Niacin

35
Q

tumor lysis syndrome can lead to uric acid precipitation in the renal tubule, most common site??

A

collecting ducts due to low urine pH

36
Q

what can cause the esophageal mucosa to herniate in the posterior hypoharynx, forming a Zenker diverticulum?

A

diminished relaxation of cricopharyngeal muscles during swallowing–>increased intraluminal pressure in the oropharynx

37
Q

recurrent skin and mucosal infections w.out pus and delayed separation of the umbilical cord is due to ??
MOA??

A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, absence of CD18 Ags necessary for formation of integrins–>failure of chemotaxis
-a bit counterintuitive, but presents with persistent LEUKOCYTOSIS, due to lack of adhesion to endothelium

38
Q

what med can be used to inhibit platelet aggregation and directly vasodilator arteries?

A

Cilostazol: phosphodiesterase inhibitor used for PAD

39
Q

hamartomas are composed of

A

disorganized cartilage, fibrous and adipose tissue

40
Q

the mitral valve on infectious endocarditis vs rheumatic fever

A

IE: large friable vegetations on the valve cusps along with destruction (not fibrosis) of the valve leaflets
RF: diffuse fibrous thickening and distortion of mitral valve leaflets along w. commissural fusion at the leaflet edges
(^ risk of a fib and stroke)

UWorld (8 decks)

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