3 Flashcards by Elizabeth DeGroot

most specific diagnostic test for RA

X-ray (according to comquest)

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1st line tx for Parkinson’s?

levodopa-carbidopa

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carbidopa prevents the peripheral conversion of levodopa–>dopamine, preventing peripheral SEs including??

othostasis/dizziness (vasodiation)
dry mouth
N/V

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follicular phase hormone levels

increasing levels of estrogen, LH and FSH and ultimately LH surge, low levels of progesterone
endometrium proliferates

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luteal phase hormone levels

increasing levels of progesterone

endometrium is secretory

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most of the CNS cells (neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells) come from ?? except for microglia which originate from ??
also, Schwann cells and PNS arise from ??

neuroectoderm
microglia (phagocytes of CNS): mesoderm
Schwann/PNS: neural crest

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N-myc is a ??

In contrast, k-RAS is a ??

transcription factor, therefore capable of binding DNA

G-protein, participates in cellular signaling, common in pancreatic malignancies

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local defense against Candida is performed by ?? whereas systemic infection is prevented by ??

T cells

neutrophils

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MAO-inhibitors are particularly useful in pts with ?? characterized by ??

atypical /tx resistant depression

increased sleep and appetite, leaden paralysis, rejection sensitivity, mood reactivity

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death 4-days post-anterior wall MI think

rupture of the LV free wall (5-14? days), leads to hemopericardium and tamponade, severe hypotension and shock

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a late complication (>1 month) of large transmural infarcts

can cause??

true aneurysms of the ventricular wall

can cause mural thrombus, arrhythmias, heart failure (rarely rupture!)

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axonal regeneration does not occur in the ?? due to the presence of ??

CNS
myelin debris, secretion of neuronal inhibitory factors, and development of dense glial scarring
(calcification only RARELY happens post-ischemic infections- seen with certain neoplasens, infs (NCC), and vascular malformations)

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Beta-endorphon (endogenous opioid peptide) is derived from ??
what else is derived from that compound??

POMC

ACTH, MSH

(close relationship between stress axis and opioid system)

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peripheral conversion of T4–>T3 is inhibited by ??

PTU
B-blockers
Ipodate (contrast)

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uptake of I- via Na+/I- symporter is inhibited by ??

Perchlorate, Pertechnetate

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Organification of I- w/ thyroglobulin (via thyroid peroxidase) is inhibited by ??

PTU

Methimazole

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drug that can reverse the toxicity of MTX in GI mucosa and bone, 2 names ??

mechanism ??

leucovorin, aka FOLINIC ACID

-serves as a reduced form of folic acid that does not require action of dihydrofolate reductase

repairing and ASD prevents what complication??

irreversible pulmonary vascular sclerosis–>chronic pulmonary HTN–>Eisenmenger syndrome

types of holocrine secretion (cell lysis releases contents)

sebaceous glands (acne), meibomian glands

definition and examples of apocrine secretion

cells secrete via membrane bound vesicles

mammary glands

what is merocrine secretion? what are examples of merocrine secretion?

cells secrete via exocytosis

salivary glands, eccrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands (not actually apocrine secretion)

temporal arteritis (carotid artery) shares pathological mechanism with ??

Takayasu arteritis (aorta and prox. aortic arterial branch)
-both: granulomatous inflammation of the media

In contrast: PAN: segmental transmural necrotizing inflammation (sm/med)
Leukocytoclastic vasulitis (micro): semental fibrinoid necrosis (sim. to PAN)
Buerger’s: thrombosing of med, small arts.
RA: sensitivity vasculitis (sim to PAN, hypersn)

specific E. coli virulence factors causes diff. presentations:
bacterimia and septic shock cause by ??

LPS (IL-6, IL-6, TNF-a release)

E. coli virulence factor that causes neonatal meningitis?

K1 capsular Ag

E. coli virulence factor that causes bloody diarrhea?

verotoxin (shiga-like toxin): inactivates the 60S ribosomal comp. halting protein syn.

E. coli virulence factor that causes watery diarrhea??

ST and LT enterotoxins: promote fluid and e-lyte secretion form intestinal epi

E. coli virulence factor that causes UTIs??

P. fimbriae, allows adhesion

use ?? to tx myoclonic seizures

broad-spec anticonvulsants: valproic acid, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, topiramate NOT narrow: carbamazepine, gabapentin, phenobarbital, phenytoin

most common COD in DM pts

coronary heart disease

what regions of the GIT are affected in Hirschsprung's?

rectum and anus ALWAYS affected, sigmoid involved 75% of the time

transcription of ?? occurs in the nucleolus | how could you describe the nucleolus?

rRNA via RNA polymerase I | round, dense, basophilic body

examples of meglintinides?? | MOA??

repaglinide, nateglinide (like sulfonylureasO bind to and close the ATP-dependent K+ channels, causing depolarization and L-type Ca2+ channel opening, stimulating insulin release

a pentad of fever, neuro symptoms, renal failure, anemia and thrombocytopenia in the setting of GI illness, think ??

TTP-HUS, a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) syndrome NORMAL PT/PTT, in contrast to DIC (^ due to coag cascade defects)

this lipid lowering agent can decrease renal excretion of uric acid, leading to gout

Niacin

tumor lysis syndrome can lead to uric acid precipitation in the renal tubule, most common site??

collecting ducts due to low urine pH

what can cause the esophageal mucosa to herniate in the posterior hypoharynx, forming a Zenker diverticulum?

diminished relaxation of cricopharyngeal muscles during swallowing-->increased intraluminal pressure in the oropharynx

recurrent skin and mucosal infections w.out pus and delayed separation of the umbilical cord is due to ?? MOA??

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, absence of CD18 Ags necessary for formation of integrins-->failure of chemotaxis -a bit counterintuitive, but presents with persistent LEUKOCYTOSIS, due to lack of adhesion to endothelium

what med can be used to inhibit platelet aggregation and directly vasodilator arteries?

Cilostazol: phosphodiesterase inhibitor used for PAD

hamartomas are composed of

disorganized cartilage, fibrous and adipose tissue

the mitral valve on infectious endocarditis vs rheumatic fever

IE: large friable vegetations on the valve cusps along with destruction (not fibrosis) of the valve leaflets RF: diffuse fibrous thickening and distortion of mitral valve leaflets along w. commissural fusion at the leaflet edges (^ risk of a fib and stroke)