2 Flashcards
in pernicious anemia, ?? may be increased
gastrin release is increased in response to decreased gastric acid production (from autoimmune destruction of the gastric mucosa)
acanthosis nigricans is assoc. with insulin resistance and obesity, but also ??
malignancy of GIT or lungs (sudden appearance)
long-term management of mechanical heart valve pts to reduce risk of thromboembolism
Warfarin
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
eptifibatide, abciximab, tirofiban
P2Y12 receptor blockers
clopidogrel, ticagrelor, prasugrel
PCSK9 inhibitor
alirocumab; increase degradation of hepatic LDL receptors
how will vasopressin levels change in nephrogenic DI?
increased serum vasopressin (ADH) due to vasopressin resistance in the renal collecting ducts
any unilateral visual pathway lesion beyond the optic chiasm can cause ?? from infarction of ??
homonynous hemianopsia
MCA, PCA, Anterior choroidal arteries
presentation of acute leukemia: pancytopenia results in these symptoms
decreased RBCs: anemia (fatigue)
leukopenia: opportunistic infections (candida)
thrombocytopenia: bleeding complications (retinal hemorrhages)
chronic alcoholism may affect the spleen how?
can cause portal HTN–>splenomegaly–>expansion of red pulp of spleen (blood congestion in sinuses and cords)
Cytochrome P-450 inducers (decrease dependent drug concentrations)
"Guinness, Coronas, and PBRS induce Never-ending Chronic Alcoholism" Griseofulvin Carbamazepine Phenytoin Barbiturates Rifampin St. John's Wort Nevirapine Chronic Alcoholism
Cytochrome P-450 inhibitors (INCREASE dependent drug concentrations-reduce metabolism)
CRACK AMIGOS Cimetidine Ritonavir Amiodarone Ciprofloxacin Ketoconazole
Acute alcohol abuse Macrolides (exc. azithromycin) INH Grapefruit juice Omeprazole Sulfas (also Quinidine)
Fragile X: trinucleotide repeat in CGG leading to ??
^ gene methylation leading to inactivation of FMR1
episodic vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, think ?? caused by ??
Meniere disease
increased volume and pressure of endolymph in the vestibular apparatus
In contrast, a schwannoma will present similarly but will be more persistent/progressive
also, labyrinthitis (inflammation of vestibular nerve) causes acute-onset vertigo, N/V; typically a single episode, post-virus
positive selection of T cells occurs in the ??
negative selection occurs in the ??
thymic cortex (interaction of T cells w. thymic cortical epithelial cells)
thymic medulla (T cells- thymic medullary epithelial and dendritic cells)
characterisitic histo finding in HIV-associated dementia
microglial nodules, groups of activated macrophages/microglial cells rormed around small areas of necrosis that may fuse to form multinucleate giant cells
the mixing of genomic segments of segmented viruses that infect the same host cell is ??
this is in contrast to ?? in which gene exchange occurs thru crossing over of 2 dsDNA molecules
reassortment, (genetic shift); progeny of nonpathogenic strain can be pathogenic if their parent was coinfected alongside a pathogenic strain
recombination: progeny can have recombined genomes w. traits not present simultaneously in either parent virus
small circular DNA resembling bacterial chromosome, code for proteins, tRNA and rRNA
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
chronic tic disorder vs tourettes
chronic tic disorder involves 1+ motor OR verbal tics (not both) for >= 1 year
tourettes has multiple motor AND at least 1 vocal tic, also >= 1 year
etoposide inhibites ??
vs irinotecan and topotecan which inhibit ??
and FQs which inhibit ??
topoisomerase II
topoisomerase I
prokaryotic topoisomerase II and IV
worsening dizziness, ataxia, dysarthria and visual disturbances in the setting of malignancy, think ??
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: autoimmune response against tumor cells that cross-react with Purkinje neuron Ags (anti-Yo, anti-P/Q, anti-Hu)
-seen in small cell lung ca, breast, ovarian, and uterine malignancies
a 46, XY with no Sertoli cells with present how?
male external genitalia, BOTH internal genitalia
- no mullerian-inhibiting factor (MIF) produced–> female internal genitalia
- Leydig cells still working and produce testosterone–>male internal genitalia
- SRY gene on Y chromosome–>testes-determining factor (TDF)–>gonadal differentiation into testes
while ACTH is the major trophic hormone of the zona fascitculata and reticular is, the zonal glomerulosis is prim. regulated by ??
angiotensin II
prolonged ACTH stimulation causes ?? of the zona fasciculata and reticularis
hyperplasia (only limited hypertrophy)
