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UWorld > 6 > Flashcards

6 Flashcards

1
Q

what brain areas are affected in chronic alcoholism leading to ataxia and “parkinsonian” tremor?

A

loss of Purkinje cells in the anterior lobe and cerebellar vermis

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2
Q

what is responsible for removal of RNA primers and synthesis of new DNA in their place??(prokaryotes)

A

DNA polymerase I

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3
Q

basic amino acids (+ charge at physiologic pH, hydrophilic)

A

arginine, histidine, lysine

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4
Q

acidic amino acids (-charge at at physio. pH, hydrophili )

A

aspartate, glutamate

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5
Q

nonpolar amino acids (hydrophobic)

A

alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, proline

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6
Q

receptors containing 7 transmembrane hydrophobic a-helices, think ??

A

G proteins attached to the inner plasma membrane: bind GTP and transmit signals into the cell

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7
Q

in ARDS, release of inflammatory mediators results in redistribution of blood flow from well-ventilated alveoli, leading to

A

increased alveolar dead space

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8
Q

mutations in the CDKN2A gene on chromosome 9p21

A

dysplastic nevus syndrome; classically in young pt who has fam hx of melanoma in >3 1st degree relatives

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9
Q

prosencephalon–>telencephalon

A

cerebral hemispheres and lat ventricles

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10
Q

prosencephalon–>diencephalon

A

thalamus and 3rd ventricle

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11
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain and aqueduct

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12
Q

rhombencephalon–>metencephalon

A

pons, cerebellum, upper 4th ventricle

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13
Q

rhombencephalon–>myelencephalon

A

medullat and lower 4th ventricle

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14
Q

brain development mnemonic

A

ToDay (Please) Make Magical Memories (Real)
Telencephalon, Diencephalon (from Prosencephalon), Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon (last 2 from Rhombencephalon)

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15
Q

basic region leucine zippers are a class of ??

A

eukaryotic transcription factors

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16
Q

G-protein coupled receptors that stimulate hydrolysis of men-bound PLs via PLC are part of ??
which does what ??

A

IP3 second messenger system–>increases cytoplasmic free Ca2+ thru IP3 mediated Ca2+ efflux from the ER

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17
Q

what electrolyte abnormality can cause dehydration by down-regulating the expression of aquaporins in the collecting tubules?

A

hypercalcemia, presents like nephrogenic DI

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18
Q

dermatomyosities has a strong association with ??

A

lung, colorectal, ovarian cancer

19
Q

celiac disease, biopsy the ??

A

duodenum and/or proximal jejunum

20
Q

when will pulmonary capillary wedge pressure change?

A

elevated in cardiogenic pulmonary edema, i.e. decompensated LV failure is causing increase in LA pressure (^PCWP)

PCWP should NOT change in ARDS

21
Q

changes that occur in ARDS

A

^pulmonary cap permeability–>interstitial and alveolar edema/exudate–>decreased lung compliance, ^work of breathing, worsened V/Q mismatch

22
Q

decerebrate is what type of posturing?? results in damage where ??

A

extensor posturing, damage to brainstem at/below red nucleus (i.e. midbrain tegmentum, pons)
-loss of descending excitation to the UE flexors (rubrospinal tract) and predom. of the extensors (vestibulorspinal tract)

23
Q

decorticate is what type of posturing?? results from damage where??

A

flexor posturing, damage to neural structures above the red nucleus (i.e. cerebral hemispheres)
-loss of descending inhibition of the red nucleus and hyperactivity of the UE flexor muscles (rubrospinal tract)

24
Q

why not hyperactivity of UE extensor muscles in decorticate posturing??

A

UE extensor muscles inn. by vestibulospinal tract (originates from vestibular nuclei at the pontomedullary junction) do NOT receive descending cortical inhibition, unlike the rubrospinal tract–>UE flexors

25
Q

bilateral renal angiomylipomas, think ??

A 
tuberous sclerosis (AD)
cortical tubers, subependymal brain hamartomas (seizures, cognitive disability), cardiac rhabdomyomas, facial angiofibromas, ash leaf patches
(skin, brain, heart, kidney)
26
Q

VHL

A

(AD) cerebellar hemangioblastomas, retinal hemangiomas, liver cysts, RCC
(brain, eye, liver, kidney)

27
Q

NF1

A

(AD) NFs, optic gliomas, Lisch nodules, cafe-au-lait spots, pheochromocytoma
(skin, eyes, adrenal medulla)

28
Q

isolated systolic HTN (ISH) in an older person, think??

other causes??

A

aortic stiffening: decreased compliance of aorta and major peripheral arteries–>^SBP
other causes: sev. aortic regurg, systemic causes (anemia, hyperthyroidism)

29
Q

med that can cause coronary steal

A

adenosine and dipyridamole, regadenoson

30
Q

what dx study for intestinal malabsorption??

A

Sudan III stain: identifies unabsorbed fats

31
Q

^F26BP correlates with what processes??

inhibits what??

A

activates PFK-1 –>increasing glycolysis and inhibited F16BP–>decreasing gluconeogenesis
(glycogen formation and FA synthesis is also activated alongside glycolysis- don’t need circulating glucose)

32
Q

portacaval nanastomoses affected in portal HTN

A

left gastric vein–>esophageal vein–>eso. varices
superior rectal vein–>med/inf. rectal vv–>hemorrhoids
paraumbilical vv–>sup/inf epigastric vv–>caput medusae

33
Q

levothyroxine can induce ??

A

arrhythmias (i.e. afib), tachyarrhythmias

(thyroid hormone stimulates B1 receptors in the heart

34
Q

sleep walking can be tx with ??

A

benzos and TCAs

35
Q

right HF will result in what heart findings??

A

S3 gallop (early diastole) due to increased filling pressure into dilated ventricles

36
Q

the most common cause of 1st trimester spontaneous abortion is ??

A

aneuploidy (fetal monosomy)

37
Q

drugs with zero order elimination (not just “PEA”!)

A 
PWHEATT
phenytoin
warfarin
heparin
ethanol
aspirin
theophylline
tolbutamide
38
Q

sarcoidosis characteristics

A

non-cas. granulomas;
lung: b/l hilar adenopathy and reticulonodular densities;
skin: erythema nodosum, lupus pernio, other rashes;
^ACE and ^Ca2+

39
Q

menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea with an enlarged, soft uterus, think ??

A

adenomyosis: ectopic endometrail calnds and other tissues within the uterine myometrium

40
Q

drug of choice for tx primary open-angle glaucoma

A

timolol: non-selective B-blocker: reduces production of aqueous humor

41
Q

painless vs painful vaginal bleeding during pregnancy

A

painless: placental previa (>20 wks, dx with transab. pelvic U/S)
painful: placental abruption

42
Q

presentation of Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis

biopsy?

A

interstitial lung disease, restrictive
anthracotic pigment in macrophages (antracosis: inhaled coal dust)
-affects upper lobes (from down low but found up high) vs asbestosis (lower lobes: from the ceiling but find in the “floor”)

43
Q

vitiligo is typically associated with ??

A

autoimmune diseases as it is autoimmune destruction of melanocytes

UWorld (8 decks)

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