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UWorld > 4 > Flashcards

4 Flashcards

1
Q

?? is due to failure of urogenital folds to fuse

A

hypospadias

in contrast, epispadias (top) is due to faulty positioning of the genital tubercle in the 5th week of gestation

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2
Q

connexins are proteins that assemble into ??

A

gap junctions

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3
Q

tight junctions are comprised of ??

A

claudins and occludin (C. perf binds claudin)

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4
Q

both adherents junctions and desmosomes are composed of ??

A

cadherens

adherens: actin filament
desmosomes: intermediate filament

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5
Q

hemidesmosomes link to BM via??

A

integrins

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6
Q

Rett syndrome

A

loss of speech/motor skills, deceleration of head growth, hand movements
-girls, MECP2 gene mutation

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7
Q

a result is considered statistically significant if the ?? does not cross the null value

A

95% confidence interval (corresponds to p-value

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8
Q

how bac can obtain new genetic materia

A

transformation (uptake exogenous DNA)
conjugation
transduction

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9
Q

argatroban binds ??

A

thrombin directly
other direct thrombin inhibitors: hirudin, lepirudin)
tx of choice in HIT

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10
Q

drugs that inhibit ADP mediated platelet aggregation

A

ticlopidine, clopidogrel

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11
Q

drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation by inhibit PDE activity and increase cAMP

A

dipyridamole and cilostazol

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12
Q

drugs that inhibit binding of platelet GP IIb/IIIa w. fibrinogen

A

abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban

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13
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism presents with what levels of Na+, K+, HCO3-?

A

normal Na+ (initially high, but normalized due to aldosterone escape!)
low K+ and metabolic alkalosis (^ excretion of K+ and H+, reactive increase in HCO3-)

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14
Q

1 cause of drug OD in US

A

opioids

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15
Q

transaminase reactions use ?? as a cofactor

A

B6

in contrast, B1 is used in dehydrogenase reactions (transketolase, a-kg dehydrogencase, pyruvate dehydrogenase)

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16
Q

drugs recommended for visceral nausea due to GI insults

A

5-HT3 receptor antagonists

in contrast: antihistamines and anticholinergics as used for vestibular nausea
dopain antagonists useful in migraine-associated nausea

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17
Q

^arginine, think ??

A

arginase deficiency, which produces urea and ornithine from arginine
-spastic diplegia, growth delay, abnormal movements

18
Q

atresia of the jejunum/ileum is due to ??

A 
vascular injury (SMA)
associated with gastroschisis
19
Q 
precursor proteins for localized amyloidosis:
cardiac atria
thyroid gland
pancreatic islets
cerebrum (and BVs)
pit gland
A 
cardiac atria: ANP
thyroid gland: calcitonin
pancreatic islets: islet amyloid protein (amylin)
cerebrum: B-amyloid protein
pit gland: prolactin
20
Q

several mos to yrs after ischemic brain infection, the necrotic area appears as a cystic cavity surrounded by a wall composed of dense fibers formed by ??

A

astrocytic processes (glial scar)

21
Q

if DNA synthesis is going on unchecked (^dihydrofolate reductase and DNA polymerase activity) what happened upstream??

A

Rb was hyperphosphorylated (inactivated) allowing cells to transition from G1–>S unchecked

22
Q

B-thalassemia caused by mutations that result in ??

A

defective transcription, processing and translation of beta-globin mRNA

23
Q

both persistent vitelline ducts/cysts and ?? result from failure of obliteration of vitelline duct

A

Meckel diverticula

24
Q

a caseating granuloma of Mtb will contain cells with surface ?? markers at the peripheral

A

CD14:

epitheliod macrophages; have pale pink cytoplasm

25
Q

AML vs CML

A

AML: WBC: 15-20,000 with >20% blast cells
CML: WBC >50,000, blast cells typically not elevated (i.e. 1%)

26
Q

the pO2 in the LA and LV is lower than that in the pulmonary capillaries due to ??

A

mixing of oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins with Deoxygenated blood from bronchial arteries and thebesian veins

27
Q

abdominal pain/distension, bloody diarrhea, fever, shock in a UC pt, think ?? how to dx??

A

toxic megacolon
plain abdominal XR
barium contrast and colonoscopy are CONTRAINDICATED due to risk of perf.

28
Q

the rectum proximal to the anal dentate line drains into the ?? LNs

A

inferior mesenteric and internal iliac

distal to the dentate line: inguinal nodes

29
Q

what bone mets are osteolytic vs osteoblastic?

A

osteolytic: RCC, MM, non-small cell lung cancer (PRH-rP), melanoma
osteoblastic: prostate ca

30
Q

GH uses the ?? pathway along with ??

A

JAK-STAT

cytokines (INF), hematopoietic GFs (EPO, G-CSF)

31
Q

hormones that activate AC after binding G protein–>increasing cAMP–>activating protein kinase A

A

PTH, ACTH, TSH ADH (V2)

32
Q

hormones that bind G-proteins–>activate PL-C–>IP3-DAG–>IP3 increases Ca2+, DAG activate protein kinase C

A

GnRH, TRH, angII, ADH (V1)

33
Q

how can you increase the murmur intensity of HOCM??

A

decrease the preload or after load (i.e. sudden standing, valsalva, or nitro): reduce LV chamber size, decreases separation between mitral valve and IV septum (smaller outflow tract)

34
Q

decrease intensity of HOCM murmur?

A

fill LV by increasing after load or preload: hand grip, squatting, passive leg raise: more blood in LV, widens outflow tract and decreases murmur

35
Q

CN- poisoning tx with nitrites works how?

A

nitrites are oxidizing, induce methemoglobinemia (Fe2+–>Fe3+) which binds up CN- and prevents it from binding to mitochondrial cytochrome enzymes

36
Q

how does increased estrogen activity affect thyroid hormone??

A

increases levels of thyroxine-binding globulin–>increase in total thyroid hormone levels (T4), but feedback control maintains normal levels of free (active) thyroid hormone

37
Q

damage to fascia around prostate could lead to what neurological deficit??

A

erectile dysfunction due to damage to the prostatic plexus–>cavernous nerves which innervates the corpus cavernosa
(prostatic plexus originates from the inferior hypogastric plexus)

38
Q

spironolactone inhibits??

A

inhibits reabsorption of Na2+ (dumps it) and decreases secretion of H+ and K+ (sparing)

39
Q

receptor vs. cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases

A

receptor tyrosine kinases: insulin, insulin-like GF, EGF

cytoplasmic: JAK-STAT (EPO)

40
Q

cherry vs. strawberry hemangioma

A

cherry: adults, benign
strawberry: babies, regress

UWorld (8 decks)

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