4 Flashcards by Elizabeth DeGroot

?? is due to failure of urogenital folds to fuse

hypospadias

in contrast, epispadias (top) is due to faulty positioning of the genital tubercle in the 5th week of gestation

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connexins are proteins that assemble into ??

gap junctions

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tight junctions are comprised of ??

claudins and occludin (C. perf binds claudin)

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both adherents junctions and desmosomes are composed of ??

cadherens

adherens: actin filament
desmosomes: intermediate filament

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hemidesmosomes link to BM via??

integrins

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Rett syndrome

loss of speech/motor skills, deceleration of head growth, hand movements
-girls, MECP2 gene mutation

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a result is considered statistically significant if the ?? does not cross the null value

95% confidence interval (corresponds to p-value

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how bac can obtain new genetic materia

transformation (uptake exogenous DNA)
conjugation
transduction

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argatroban binds ??

thrombin directly
other direct thrombin inhibitors: hirudin, lepirudin)
tx of choice in HIT

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drugs that inhibit ADP mediated platelet aggregation

ticlopidine, clopidogrel

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drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation by inhibit PDE activity and increase cAMP

dipyridamole and cilostazol

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drugs that inhibit binding of platelet GP IIb/IIIa w. fibrinogen

abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban

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primary hyperaldosteronism presents with what levels of Na+, K+, HCO3-?

normal Na+ (initially high, but normalized due to aldosterone escape!)
low K+ and metabolic alkalosis (^ excretion of K+ and H+, reactive increase in HCO3-)

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1 cause of drug OD in US

opioids

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transaminase reactions use ?? as a cofactor

in contrast, B1 is used in dehydrogenase reactions (transketolase, a-kg dehydrogencase, pyruvate dehydrogenase)

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drugs recommended for visceral nausea due to GI insults

5-HT3 receptor antagonists

in contrast: antihistamines and anticholinergics as used for vestibular nausea
dopain antagonists useful in migraine-associated nausea

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^arginine, think ??

arginase deficiency, which produces urea and ornithine from arginine
-spastic diplegia, growth delay, abnormal movements

atresia of the jejunum/ileum is due to ??

vascular injury (SMA)
associated with gastroschisis

precursor proteins for localized amyloidosis:
cardiac atria
thyroid gland
pancreatic islets
cerebrum (and BVs)
pit gland

cardiac atria: ANP
thyroid gland: calcitonin
pancreatic islets: islet amyloid protein (amylin)
cerebrum: B-amyloid protein
pit gland: prolactin

several mos to yrs after ischemic brain infection, the necrotic area appears as a cystic cavity surrounded by a wall composed of dense fibers formed by ??

astrocytic processes (glial scar)

if DNA synthesis is going on unchecked (^dihydrofolate reductase and DNA polymerase activity) what happened upstream??

Rb was hyperphosphorylated (inactivated) allowing cells to transition from G1–>S unchecked

B-thalassemia caused by mutations that result in ??

defective transcription, processing and translation of beta-globin mRNA

both persistent vitelline ducts/cysts and ?? result from failure of obliteration of vitelline duct

Meckel diverticula

a caseating granuloma of Mtb will contain cells with surface ?? markers at the peripheral

CD14:

epitheliod macrophages; have pale pink cytoplasm

AML vs CML

AML: WBC: 15-20,000 with >20% blast cells CML: WBC >50,000, blast cells typically not elevated (i.e. 1%)

the pO2 in the LA and LV is lower than that in the pulmonary capillaries due to ??

mixing of oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins with Deoxygenated blood from bronchial arteries and thebesian veins

abdominal pain/distension, bloody diarrhea, fever, shock in a UC pt, think ?? how to dx??

toxic megacolon plain abdominal XR barium contrast and colonoscopy are CONTRAINDICATED due to risk of perf.

the rectum proximal to the anal dentate line drains into the ?? LNs

inferior mesenteric and internal iliac distal to the dentate line: inguinal nodes

what bone mets are osteolytic vs osteoblastic?

osteolytic: RCC, MM, non-small cell lung cancer (PRH-rP), melanoma osteoblastic: prostate ca

GH uses the ?? pathway along with ??

JAK-STAT | cytokines (INF), hematopoietic GFs (EPO, G-CSF)

hormones that activate AC after binding G protein-->increasing cAMP-->activating protein kinase A

PTH, ACTH, TSH ADH (V2)

hormones that bind G-proteins-->activate PL-C-->IP3-DAG-->IP3 increases Ca2+, DAG activate protein kinase C

GnRH, TRH, angII, ADH (V1)

how can you increase the murmur intensity of HOCM??

decrease the preload or after load (i.e. sudden standing, valsalva, or nitro): reduce LV chamber size, decreases separation between mitral valve and IV septum (smaller outflow tract)

decrease intensity of HOCM murmur?

fill LV by increasing after load or preload: hand grip, squatting, passive leg raise: more blood in LV, widens outflow tract and decreases murmur

CN- poisoning tx with nitrites works how?

nitrites are oxidizing, induce methemoglobinemia (Fe2+-->Fe3+) which binds up CN- and prevents it from binding to mitochondrial cytochrome enzymes

how does increased estrogen activity affect thyroid hormone??

increases levels of thyroxine-binding globulin-->increase in total thyroid hormone levels (T4), but feedback control maintains normal levels of free (active) thyroid hormone

damage to fascia around prostate could lead to what neurological deficit??

erectile dysfunction due to damage to the prostatic plexus-->cavernous nerves which innervates the corpus cavernosa (prostatic plexus originates from the inferior hypogastric plexus)

spironolactone inhibits??

inhibits reabsorption of Na2+ (dumps it) and decreases secretion of H+ and K+ (sparing)

receptor vs. cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases

receptor tyrosine kinases: insulin, insulin-like GF, EGF cytoplasmic: JAK-STAT (EPO)

cherry vs. strawberry hemangioma

cherry: adults, benign strawberry: babies, regress